Ecology Of Individuals And Populations- Chapter 55

Question 1

What are key elements of the environment?

Answer 1

Temp
Water
Sunlight
Soil

Question 2

What are the types of coping mechanisms to the environment?

Answer 2

Physiological responses: sweating, more red blood cells, flies making “antifreeze” in their blood for the winter

Morphological capabilities: mammals in colder climates have less surface area (ie: shorter ears), and endotherms have thicker fur coats in the winter.

Behavioral responses: moving from one habitat to another (migration) and basking in the sun to raise body temp

Question 3

Populations

Answer 3

Groups of individuals of the same species in one place

Question 4

What are three characteristics of population ecology?

Answer 4

1) Population Range
2) Pattern of spacing Individuals
3) Population demography

Question 5

What are the three factors of population range?

Answer 5

1) Ranges over time due to environmental changes
2) Dispersal affects range (Galapagos)
3) Human interaction

Question 6

What are the different types of pattern of spacing individuals?

Answer 6

Clumped spacing: uneven distribution of resources- this is common in nature

Uniform spacing:

 Spacing: (card is incomplete)

Question 7

Ecology

Answer 7

Study of how organisms are related to one another and to their environments

Question 8

Generation times

Answer 8

Average interval between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring.
Usually larger organisms have longer generation times

Question 9

Age structure

Answer 9

Determined by the number of Individuals in different age groups

Question 10

Cohort

Answer 10

Group of individuals of the same age

Question 11

Mortality

Answer 11

Death rate in a standard time

Question 12

Survivorship

Answer 12

Percent of original population that survives to a given age

Question 13

Life history

Answer 13

Complete life cycle of an organism

Question 14

What two factors affect the quantity of surviving offspring due to natural selection?

Answer 14

How long an individual lives

How many young it produces each year

Question 15

What factors regulate populations?

Answer 15

Density dependent facts, which are factors that affect the population and depend on population size.
(Caused by biotic factors like disease, competition, predation, sex ratios, species, introduction, etc.)

Density-independent effects, which is the rate of growth of a population that is not related to the size of the population.
(Caused by unpredictable, abiotic factors: cold winters, droughts, volcanic eruptions, and storms)

Question 16

Why has the growth rate declined, especially in developed countries?

Answer 16

Increased family planning efforts, sex education, and increased economic power and social status of women.