Ecology and sex; role of xenoestrogens; what future brings

Question 1

possible sources of endocrine disruptors

Answer 1

industrial chemicals
synthetic and naturally occuring hormones
pharmaceutical drugs
pesticides, herbicides, fungicides
personal care products
metals

Question 2

potential effects of endocrine diruptors- female

Answer 2

breast and reproductive organ tissue cancers

fibrocystic diseases of the breast

polycystic ovarian syndrome

endometriosis

uterine fibroids and pelvic inflammatory diseases

declining sex ratio

Question 3

potential effects of endocrine diruptors- males

Answer 3

poor semen quality
testicular cancer
malformed reproductice tissue- undescended testis, small penis

prostate diesease and other abnormalities of the male reproductive tissues

Question 4

peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR)

Answer 4

heterodimerizes with reinoid x receptors via binding specific ligands are activated then bind to teh peroxisome proliferator responsive element of the target gene promotor to influence its DNA transcription

Question 5

diseases

Answer 5

autoimmune diesease
inflammation
asthma
spinocerebellar ataxia
metabolic syndrome
osteoporosis
cancer

Question 6

testicular dysgenesis syndrome

Answer 6

causes: enviornmental factors including endocrine disruptors and genetic defects

distrubed sertoli cell function
decreased leyding cell function

impaired germ cell differentiation - reduced sperm quality and CIS- testicular cancer

androgen insufficiency- hypospadias, testicular maldascent

Question 7

ovarian dysgenesis syndorme

Answer 7

cause chemical exposure and genetic dfects

ovary: delayed or reduced follicle assembly, distrubed meiosis, accelerated folliculogenesis

birth defects
anovulation
altered menses
PCOS
POI
reduced fertility
pregnancy loss
reproductive-site cancers

Question 8

BPA exposure

Answer 8

perinatal: offspring- increased weight and adipocity altered glucose homeostasis
pregnancy: maternal: increased weight, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia
adulthood: hyperinsulinema, insulin resistance

Question 9

consequences of maternal DES treatment in female offpsring

Answer 9

vaginal or cervical cancer

uterine and vaginal malformations leading to
sterility (infertility)
spontaneous abortions
premature birth
stillbirth
ectopic pregnancy

Question 10

menopause

Answer 10

genetic facors, enviornment, lifestyle, systemic diseases

decrease in ovarian follicule mass and function

anovulatory cycles and finally loss of menstrual cycles

oestradiol fluctuation and decline, decline in AMH, decline in inhibin B, functional ovarian aging, FSH increase, impaired timing of LH surger