Ecology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Tʜᴇ sᴛᴜᴅʏ ᴏғ ɪɴᴛᴇʀᴀᴄᴛɪᴏɴs ʙᴇᴛᴡᴇᴇɴ 𝙻𝚒𝚟𝚒𝚗𝚐 ᴀɴᴅ 𝚗𝚘𝚗𝚕𝚒𝚟𝚒𝚗𝚐 ᴄᴏᴍᴘᴏɴᴇɴᴛs ɪɴ ᴀɴ ᴇɴᴠɪʀᴏɴᴍᴇɴᴛ

A

𝙴𝚌𝚘𝚕𝚘𝚐𝚢

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2
Q

Tʜɪɴ ᴠᴏʟᴜᴍᴇ ᴏғ ᴇᴀʀᴛʜ ᴀɴᴅ ɪᴛs 𝚊𝚝𝚖𝚘𝚜𝚙𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚜𝚞𝚙𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚝𝚜 𝚕𝚒𝚏𝚎

A

𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚒𝚘𝚜𝚙𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎

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3
Q

𝙱𝚒𝚘𝚜𝚙𝚑𝚎𝚛𝚎 𝚜𝚞𝚋𝚞𝚗𝚒𝚝𝚜 𝙴𝚡. 𝙶𝚛𝚊𝚜𝚜𝚕𝚊𝚗𝚍𝚜

A

𝙴𝚌𝚘𝚜𝚢𝚜𝚝𝚎𝚖𝚜

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4
Q

𝙸𝚗𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚊𝚌𝚝𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚘𝚛𝚐𝚊𝚗𝚒𝚜𝚖𝚜 ʟɪᴠɪɴɢ ɪɴ ᴀɴ ᴀʀᴇᴀ

A

𝙲𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚞𝚗𝚒𝚝𝚢

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5
Q

Aʟʟ ᴛʜᴇ ᴍᴇᴍʙᴇʀs ᴏғ ᴀ 𝚜𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚎𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚕𝚒𝚟𝚎 𝚒𝚗 𝚘𝚗𝚎 𝚙𝚕𝚊𝚌𝚎 𝐚𝐭 𝐚 ᴛɪᴍᴇ

A

𝙿𝚘𝚙𝚞𝚕𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗

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6
Q

Tʜᴇ sɪᴍᴘʟᴇsᴛ ʟᴇᴠᴇʟ ᴏғ ᴏʀɢᴀɴɪᴢᴀᴛɪᴏɴ

𝙰 𝚜𝚒𝚗𝚐𝚕𝚎 𝚒𝚗𝚍𝚒𝚟𝚒𝚍𝚞𝚊𝚕

A

𝙾𝚛𝚐𝚊𝚗𝚒𝚜𝚖𝚜

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7
Q

𝙻𝚒𝚟𝚒𝚗𝚐 𝚝𝚑𝚒𝚗𝚐𝚜

Ex. Bᴇᴀʀs ᴘʟᴀɴᴛs

A

𝙱𝚒𝚘𝚝𝚒𝚌 𝚏𝚊𝚌𝚝𝚘𝚛𝚜

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8
Q

𝐍𝗼𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬

Ex. Wᴀᴛᴇʀ, ᴛᴇᴍᴘᴇʀᴀᴛᴜʀᴇ

A

𝐀𝐛𝐢𝗼𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝗼𝐫𝐬

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9
Q

𝐀 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝗼𝐟 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐟𝗼𝐫𝗺𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐯𝐬. 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬 𝗼𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐧𝐯𝐢𝐫𝗼𝐧𝗺𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞.
𝐄𝐱. 𝐓𝐞𝗺𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

A

𝐓𝗼𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞

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10
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝗼𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝗼𝐟 𝗼𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝗺𝐬 𝐚𝐝𝐠𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐭𝗼𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝗼 𝐚𝐛𝐢𝗼𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝗼𝐫𝐬
𝐎𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞𝐭𝐢𝗺𝐞 𝗼𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝗼𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝗺

A

𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐥𝐢𝗺𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧

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11
Q

𝐀 𝐆𝐄𝐍𝐄𝐓𝐈𝐂 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐄 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝗼𝐫 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝗼𝐜𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬 𝗼𝐯𝐞𝐫 𝗺𝐚𝐧𝐲 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧𝐬

A

𝐀𝐝𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧

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12
Q

𝐃𝗼𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝗼𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐫𝐝 𝐧𝗼𝐫𝗺𝐚𝐥 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝗼𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧𝐬

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐚𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐞𝐧𝐯𝐢𝐫𝗼𝐧𝗺𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞

A

𝐂𝗼𝐧𝐟𝗼𝐫𝗺𝐞𝐫𝐬

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13
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐭𝗼 𝐜𝗼𝐧𝐭𝗼𝐥 𝐬𝗼𝗺𝐞 𝗼𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐢𝐫 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝗼𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧𝐬

A

𝐑𝐞𝐠𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝗼𝐫𝐬

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14
Q

𝐇𝗼𝐰 𝐝𝗼 𝐚𝐧𝐢𝗺𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐯𝐞?

A

𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐇𝐈𝐃𝐄, 𝐃𝐎𝐑𝐌𝐀𝐍𝐂𝐘, 𝗼𝐫 𝐌𝐈𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍

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15
Q

𝐀 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐚𝐲 𝗼𝐟 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞, 𝗼𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝗼𝐥𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐲 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐲 𝐢𝐧 𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐞𝐧𝐯𝐢𝐫𝗼𝐧𝗺𝐞𝐧𝐭

A

𝐍𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞

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16
Q

𝐕𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐛𝐫𝗼𝐚𝐝 𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞

A

𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐝𝐚𝗺𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞

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17
Q

𝐀 𝗺𝗼𝐫𝐞 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜 𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞

A

𝐑𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐞𝐝 𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞

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18
Q

𝐎𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝗺𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐛𝐫𝗼𝐚𝐝 𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬

A

𝐆𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬

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19
Q

𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐧𝐚𝐫𝐫𝗼𝐰 𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬

A

𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬

20
Q

𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐒𝐏𝐄𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐈𝐂𝐔𝐋𝐀𝐑 𝐏𝐋𝐀𝐂𝐄 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐀𝐌𝐄 𝐓𝐈𝐌𝐄

A

𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧

21
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝗼𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝗼𝐟 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧

A
  1. 𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞
  2. 𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲
  3. 𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝗼𝐧
22
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐧𝐮𝗺𝐛𝐞𝐫 𝗼𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐬

A

𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞

23
Q

𝐌𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝗼𝐟 𝐡𝗼𝐰 𝐜𝐫𝗼𝐰𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐚𝐧 𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐢𝐬

A

𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲

24
Q

𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐛𝐮𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝗼𝐟 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧 𝐚 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧

𝐂𝐥𝐮𝗺𝐩𝐞𝐝- 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧- 𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐝𝗼𝗺

A

𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝗼𝐧

25
Q

𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 4 𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐚 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐜𝐚𝐧 𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞?

A
  1. 𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞
  2. 𝐃𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞
  3. 𝐈𝗺𝗺𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧
  4. 𝐄𝗺𝐢𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧
26
Q

𝐏𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐚 𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝗼𝐟 𝐲𝗼𝐮𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐝𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞 𝐚 𝐠𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝗼𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐝 𝐠𝐫𝗼𝐰𝐭𝐡

𝐎𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐬

A

𝐀𝐠𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞

27
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝗺𝗼𝐫𝐭𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐝𝐚𝐭𝐚 𝗼𝐟 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝗼 𝐜𝗼𝐧𝐟𝗼𝐫𝗺 𝐭𝗼 𝗼𝐧𝐞 𝗼𝐟 3 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝗼𝐧 𝐚 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡

𝐇𝐢𝐧𝐭: 𝐡𝐮𝗺𝐚𝐧𝐬, 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐬, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝗼𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐬

A

𝐒𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐯𝗼𝐫𝐬𝐡𝐢𝐩 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐞𝐬

28
Q

𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 2 𝗺𝗼𝐝𝐞𝐥𝐬 𝗼𝐟 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐠𝐫𝗼𝐰𝐭𝐡

A

𝐄𝐱𝐩𝗼𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝗺𝗼𝐝𝐞𝐥 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐥𝗼𝐠𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝗺𝗼𝐝𝐞𝐥

29
Q

𝐑𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐝 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐚 𝐟𝐞𝐰 𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧𝐬
𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐥𝐚𝐫𝐠𝐞𝐫 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐠𝐞𝐭𝐬, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐭 𝐠𝐫𝗼𝐰𝐬
𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐮𝗺𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐫𝐞𝗺𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝗼𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭

A

𝐄𝐱𝐩𝗼𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝗺𝗼𝐝𝐞𝐥

𝐈𝐧 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲, 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧𝐬 𝐜𝐚𝐧𝐧𝗼𝐭 𝐠𝐫𝗼𝐰 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝗼𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲

30
Q

𝐀 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝗼𝐫 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝗼𝐰𝐭𝐡 𝗼𝐟 𝐚 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧
𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐯𝐬. 𝐃𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭
𝐑𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝗼𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝗼𝐞𝐬𝐧’𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐲 𝗼𝐧 𝐭𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬
𝐄𝐱. 𝐕𝐢𝐫𝐮𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐯𝐬. 𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐞𝐬

A

𝐋𝐢𝗺𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝗼𝐫

31
Q

𝐁𝐮𝐢𝐥𝐝𝐬 𝗼𝐧 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝗼𝐧𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝗺𝗼𝐝𝐞𝐥 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐭𝐚𝐤𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝗼 𝐜𝗼𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐥𝐢𝗺𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐭𝗼𝐫𝐬
𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐚𝐫𝐞 𝐧𝗼𝐭 𝐜𝗼𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐳𝐞
𝐁𝐢𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐡 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐬 𝐩𝗼𝐩𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐠𝐫𝗼𝐰𝐬

A

𝐋𝗼𝐠𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐜 𝗺𝗼𝐝𝐞𝐥

32
Q

𝙰𝙽𝚈 𝚛𝚎𝚕𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚑𝚒𝚙 𝚐𝚘𝚘𝚍, 𝚋𝚊𝚍, 𝚘𝚛 𝚒𝚗𝚜𝚒𝚐𝚗𝚒𝚏𝚒𝚌𝚊𝚗𝚝

A

𝚂𝚢𝚖𝚋𝚒𝚘𝚝𝚒𝚌 𝚛𝚎𝚕𝚊𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚑𝚒𝚙

33
Q

Predator & prey- to kill

•most harmful

A

Preditation

34
Q

Parasite

• latches on to a HOST and makes it uncomfortable

A

Paratism

35
Q

𝟸 𝚘𝚛𝚐𝚊𝚗𝚒𝚜𝚖𝚜 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚙𝚎𝚝𝚎 𝚘𝚟𝚎𝚛 𝚊 𝚜𝚒𝚖𝚒𝚕𝚊𝚛 𝚛𝚎𝚜𝚘𝚞𝚛𝚌𝚎
𝙴𝚡. 𝙳𝚎𝚎𝚛 𝚟𝚜. 𝙳𝚎𝚎𝚛
𝙴𝚡. 𝚆𝚘𝚕𝚟𝚎𝚜 𝚟𝚜. 𝙲𝚢𝚘𝚝𝚎

A

𝙲𝚘𝚖𝚙𝚎𝚝𝚒𝚝𝚒𝚘𝚗

36
Q

𝙴𝚡. 𝙲𝚛𝚘𝚌𝚘𝚍𝚒𝚕𝚎𝚜 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚋𝚒𝚛𝚍𝚜

A

𝙼𝚞𝚝𝚞𝚊𝚕𝚒𝚜𝚖

37
Q

𝙴𝚡. 𝙻𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚊𝚗𝚍 𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎– 𝚕𝚒𝚘𝚗 𝚑𝚊𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚋𝚎𝚗𝚒𝚏𝚒𝚝𝚜, 𝚝𝚛𝚎𝚎 𝚍𝚘𝚎𝚜 𝚗𝚘𝚝

A

𝙲𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚎𝚗𝚜𝚊𝚕𝚒𝚜𝚖

38
Q

𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚞𝚖𝚋𝚎𝚛 𝚘𝚏 𝙳𝙸𝙵𝙵𝙴𝚁𝙴𝙽𝚃 𝚜𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚎𝚜 𝚒𝚝 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚝𝚊𝚒𝚗𝚜

A

𝚂𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚎𝚜 𝚛𝚒𝚌𝚑𝚗𝚎𝚜𝚜

39
Q

𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚞𝚖𝚋𝚎𝚛 𝚘𝚏 𝚜𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚎𝚜 𝚒𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚞𝚗𝚒𝚝𝚢

A

𝙳𝚒𝚟𝚎𝚛𝚜𝚒𝚝𝚢

40
Q

𝙰𝚗𝚘𝚝𝚑𝚎𝚛 𝚙𝚊𝚝𝚝𝚎𝚛𝚗 𝚘𝚏 𝚜𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚎𝚜 𝚛𝚒𝚌𝚑𝚗𝚎𝚜𝚜 𝚒𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚕𝚊𝚛𝚐𝚎𝚛 𝚊𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚜 𝚞𝚜𝚞𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚢 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚝𝚊𝚒𝚗 𝚖𝚘𝚛𝚎 𝚜𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚎𝚜 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚗 𝚜𝚖𝚊𝚕𝚕𝚎𝚛 𝚊𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚜 𝚍𝚘. 𝙾𝚏𝚝𝚎𝚗 𝚊𝚙𝚙𝚕𝚒𝚎𝚍 𝚝𝚘 𝚒𝚜𝚕𝚊𝚗𝚍𝚜

A

𝚃𝚑𝚎 𝚜𝚙𝚎𝚌𝚒𝚎𝚜-𝚊𝚛𝚎𝚊 𝚎𝚏𝚏𝚎𝚌𝚝

41
Q

𝙰 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚞𝚗𝚒𝚝𝚢 𝚝𝚑𝚊𝚝 𝚛𝚎𝚊𝚌𝚑𝚎𝚍 𝚒𝚝𝚜 𝚙𝚎𝚊𝚔

A

𝙲𝚕𝚒𝚖𝚊𝚡 𝚌𝚘𝚖𝚖𝚞𝚗𝚒𝚝𝚢

42
Q

𝚁𝚘𝚞𝚐𝚑𝚕𝚢 10% 𝚘𝚏 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚝𝚘𝚝𝚊𝚕 𝚎𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚐𝚢 𝚌𝚘𝚗𝚜𝚞𝚖𝚎𝚍 𝚒𝚗 𝚘𝚗𝚎 𝚝𝚛𝚘𝚙𝚑𝚒𝚌 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕 𝚒𝚜 𝚒𝚗𝚌𝚘𝚛𝚙𝚘𝚛𝚊𝚝𝚎𝚍 𝚒𝚗𝚝𝚘 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚘𝚛𝚐𝚊𝚗𝚒𝚜𝚖𝚜 𝚒𝚗 𝚝𝚑𝚎 𝚗𝚎𝚡𝚝 𝚕𝚎𝚟𝚎𝚕

A

𝚀𝚞𝚊𝚗𝚝𝚒𝚝𝚢 𝚘𝚏 𝚎𝚗𝚎𝚛𝚐𝚢 𝚝𝚛𝚊𝚗𝚜𝚏𝚎𝚛𝚜

43
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐫𝗼𝐜𝐞𝐬𝐬 𝗼𝐟 𝐩𝐫𝗼𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐛𝗼𝐡𝐲𝐝𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐛𝐲 𝐮𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐟𝐫𝗼𝗺 𝐢𝐧𝗼𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝗺𝗼𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐞𝐬
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐞 𝐚𝐮𝐭𝗼𝐭𝐫𝗼𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚 𝐝𝗼 𝐧𝗼𝐭 𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭 𝐚𝐬 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐬𝗼𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞

A

𝐂𝐡𝐞𝗺𝗼𝐬𝐲𝐧𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐬

44
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐩𝐫𝗼𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧 𝐞𝐜𝗼𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝗺 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲

A

𝐆𝐫𝗼𝐬𝐬 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝗺𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝗼𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲

45
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝐰𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐡 𝐛𝐢𝗼𝗺𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐮𝗺𝐮𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐜𝗼𝐬𝐲𝐬𝐭𝐞𝗺

A

𝐍𝐞𝐭 𝐩𝐫𝐢𝗺𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐩𝐫𝗼𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐢𝐭𝐲

46
Q

𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝗼𝐫𝐠𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐬𝗺𝐬 𝐩𝗼𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝗼𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐪𝐮𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝗼𝐟 𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐬

𝐀𝐮𝐭𝗼𝐫𝗼𝐩𝐡𝐬 (𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐬) –> 𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐛𝐢𝐯𝗼𝐫𝐞𝐬 –> 𝐜𝐚𝐫𝐧𝐢𝐯𝗼𝐫𝐞𝐬

A

𝐓𝐫𝗼𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜 𝐥𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥