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Science Grade 10 > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

Changes in the way that humans view the world

A

Paradigm Shifts

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2
Q

Means that the system can meet the needs not only of our present human population, but also those of the future

A

Sustainability

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3
Q

The way that humans view the world

A

Paradigm

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4
Q

is the scientific study of the interactions of organisms and their enviroment

A

Ecology

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5
Q

is a community of organisms and the physical enviroment in which it lives

A

Ecosystem

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6
Q

are nonliving factors which affect life in any ecosystem

A

Abiotic factors

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7
Q

Abiotic Factors include:

A

Space- all organisms require enough space or territory
Temperature- enviromental temperature affects biological processes and the ability of most organisms to regulate their temperature
Oxygen- organisms require oxygen for cellular respiration, which is a process that releases energy from food
Sunlight- is the ultimate source of energy for all photosynthetic organisms which in turn provide the resources for other living things
Water- is necessary for all life
Inorganic and Organic Soil Nutrients- promote the growth of bacteria, fungi, and a host of other organisms beneficial to the soil

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8
Q

living environment and include all other organisms that interact with the individual both of the same species and all other species

A

Biotic Factors

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9
Q

another word for a cold blooded organism

A

Ectotherm

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10
Q

another word for a warm blooded organism

A

Endotherm

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11
Q

biotic factors include:

A

Detritus- is decomposing matter
Diesease- infection by fungi, bacteria, virus, and other pathogens
Predator/Prey- is an animal that kills and eats another animal for food, the prey is the hunted animal
Competition- is a struggle for survival that occurs between two organisms either of the same or different species

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12
Q

INTRAspecific

A

within the species

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13
Q

intERspecific

A

between different species

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14
Q

biotic relationships in which two different organisms live in close association with each other to the benefit of at least one

A

Symbiotic Relationships

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15
Q

is the type of symbiosis resulting in mutual benefit to both of the organisms in the relationship

ex: the fungi penetrate the roots of plants and make soil nitrogen, receiving carbohydrates in return

A

Mutualism

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16
Q

relationship in which one organism benefits from the relationship but the other organism seems to neither be harmed nor benefited

A

Commensalism

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17
Q

relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed. the organism that benefits is called the parasite, the organism that is harmed is called the host

A

Parasitism

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18
Q

is similar to parasitism, one organism benefits but the other is eventually killed a sort of slow death

A

Parisitoidism

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19
Q

is where the interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to the other

A

Predation

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20
Q

The five trophic structures are:

A
  1. Primary Producers
  2. Primary Consumers
  3. Secondary Consumers
  4. Tertiary Consumers
  5. Decomposers
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21
Q

refers to the feeding relationships within the ecosystem

A

Trophic Structures

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22
Q

another word for a producer

A

Autotroph

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23
Q

organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms, they can not synthesize their own food so they must obtain it ready made

A

Consumers

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24
Q

are organisms of decay, these are also called saprobes

A

Decomposers

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25
Q

animals that feed only on plants

A

Herbivores

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26
Q

animals that feed on other animals

A

Carnivores

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27
Q

animals that feed on both plants and animals

A

Omnivore

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28
Q

light colors that reflect

A

Albedo

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29
Q

a biological process, uses the energy of sunlight to manufacture sugar

A

Photosynthesis

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30
Q

6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight energy ——-> C6H12O6 + 6O2

what is this formula called?

A

Photosynthesis

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31
Q

Photosynthesis and ___________ are necessary for each other

A

Cellular Respiration

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32
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + H2O

what does this formula represent?

A

Cellular Respiration

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33
Q

about ___ % of the energy stored in one trophic level is actually transferred to the next trophic level

A

10

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34
Q

dry mass is known as

A

Biomass

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35
Q

is a graphical representation of the total biomass of all the members of each trophic level

A

Pyramid of Biomass

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36
Q

means that there is an ecological balance between the various organisms that make up the food web, and because of this balance the ecosystem is self-sustaining over long periods of time

A

Stability

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37
Q

the total amount of living species

A

Biodiversity

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38
Q

a ____________ species is considered so important to the stability of the ecosystem, that if there was a decline in that species, the community would not be able to maintain its stability and may even collapse

A

Keystone

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39
Q

refers to the series of ecological changes that every community undergoes over long periods of time

A

Ecological sucession

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40
Q

a final, sustainable, stable, or self-perpetuating community, of dominant organisms is known as a _____________ community

is also the final stage of ecological sucession

A

Climax Community

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41
Q

refers to a sequence beginning in an area where there is no soil or previous forms of life

A

Primary Sucession

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42
Q

occurs in an area in which an existing community has been partially destroyed and its balance upset

A

Secondary Sucession

43
Q

Important enviromental conditions that affect sucession include:

A
  • climate
  • soil
  • geographical features
44
Q

Causes of upset in ecological succession are:

A
  • natural

* human influenced

45
Q

refers to the role that a species plays within its ecosystem

A

Niche

46
Q

refers to the place where an organism lives

A

Habitat

47
Q

exists in every ecosystem

A

Competition

48
Q

competition between the same species is called

A

intraspecific competition

49
Q

competition between different species is called

A

interspecific competition

50
Q

a wildlife species that no longer exists

A

Extinct

51
Q

a wildlife species that no longer exists in canada, but occuring elsewhere

A

Extirpated

52
Q

a wildlife species facing a imminent extirpation or extinction

A

Endangered

53
Q

a wildlife species that may become a threatened or an endangered wildlife species because of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats

A

Special Concern

54
Q

a wildlife species that has been evaluated and found to be not at risk of extinction given the current circumstances

A

Not At Risk

55
Q

are scientists who study the type of chemical compounds that are found in living things

A

Biochemists

56
Q

biological processes include:

A
  • respiration
  • decomposation
  • excretion
  • photosynthesis
  • assimilation
57
Q

in which the atmosphere is gradually heating up

A

Enhanced greenhouse effect

58
Q

is essential for the production of amino acids used to synthesize proteins, and nucleic acids which are used to carry the hereditary or genetic code

A

Nitrogen

59
Q

The atmosphere is about ___ % nitrogen gas

A

78

60
Q

Two points of nitrogen fixation:

A
  • lightning

* bacteria

61
Q

is the process which plants use the nitrate ions to make amino acids, proteins, and DNA

A

Assimliation

62
Q

process by which bacteria and some fungi break down these nitrogen compounds to make ammonia

A

Ammonification

63
Q

nitrites are changed to nitrogen gas which returns to the atmosphere

A

Denitrification

64
Q

The earth’s atmosphere contains ___ % oxygen

A

21

65
Q

is a form of oxygen

A

Ozone

66
Q

human activites have led to the destruction of the ozone layer, which is called

A

Ozone Depletion

67
Q

What is depleting the ozone layer?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

68
Q

some of this deflected energy is retained within the atmosphere of the earth by _____________ _______ which prevent the energy from passing into space, thereby preserving heat

A

Greenhouse gases

69
Q

A lake that:
•is a deep blue
•contains high oxygen
•low nutrients

A

Oligotrophic

70
Q

A lake that:
•is shallow and green
•has low oxygen levels
•high nutrients

A

Eutrophic

71
Q

_______________ were used in the manufacture of laundry detergents

A

Phosphates

72
Q

include seasonal peaks in temperature, sudden changes in water supply, or sudden but limited human impact

A

Short term stress

73
Q

climate change (global warming), infestation by foreign plants and animals (exotic species), and permanent human influence (habitat destruction, acid deposition, etc.) are all examples of _____________________

A

Long term change

74
Q

a non-renewable resource

A

Soil

75
Q

the uppermost layer known as _____________ and consists of fine textured and organic material known as humus

A

Topsoil

76
Q

Below the topsoil is the layer known as the _____________ is more coarse textured and has less organic material

A

Subsoil

77
Q

below these two layers is the __________, which is not considered a soil layer, but the support for all the layers above

A

Bedrock

78
Q

Factors which affect the ability of soil to support plant life are:

A
  • soil fertility
  • water storing capacity
  • soil pH
  • salinity
  • porosity to air (oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide)
79
Q

a large geographical region that has a particular type of climax community

A

Biome

80
Q

factors of biome distribution:

A
  • latitude
  • altitude
  • soil
  • temperature
  • precipitation
  • light
81
Q

The four terrestrial biomes are:

A
  • taiga
  • tundra
  • deciduous forest
  • grassland biomes
82
Q

living organisms that are not wanted around us

A

Pests

83
Q

pesticides who were fat-soluble leads to a problem known as

A

Bioaccumulation

84
Q

What is IPM?

A

Integrated Pest Management

85
Q

makes use of chemical pesticides in the control of insect pests

A

Chemical control

86
Q

The first problem of chemical control is:

A

bioaccumulation

87
Q

the second problem of chemical control is:

A

that the use of chemical pesticides kills most but not all of the pest population, leaving those pets which are resistant to reproduce a new population

88
Q

the third problem of chemical control is:

A

related to the lack of specificity which means that the chemical pesticide tends to kill beneficial organisms as well as the pest organism targeted

89
Q

makes use of natural predators, disease organisms, or competitors to reduce the size of the pest population

A

Biological control

90
Q

The least three disadvantages of the use of bacteria are:

A
  • the bacteria are washed off
  • they become less effective after a few days
  • bacteria tends to be expensive
91
Q

are chemical “perfumes” produced by the female to attract a male

A

Pheromones

92
Q

DDT is

A

bioaccumulation

93
Q

fat-soluble pesticides:

A
  • > dissolves in fat
  • > stay in the food chain because they stay in the fatty cells/tissues of organisms
  • > passed on to offspring in breastmilk also found in egg shells
94
Q

water-soluble pesticides:

A
  • > dissolves in water

- > washed away in ecosystem

95
Q

Nitrogen is

A

N2

96
Q

Nitrate is

A

NO3-

97
Q

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria is:

A

N2 -> NH3 -> NH4+

98
Q

Nitrifying Bacteria is:

A

NH4+ -> NO2- -> NO3-

99
Q

Denitrifying Bacteria is:

A

N2

100
Q
  • cold desert
  • precipitation:snow
  • polar bear, musktax, arctic hare
  • climax community:shrubs
  • permafrost:permanently frozen soil
A

Tundra

101
Q
  • precipitation:rain and snow
  • climax community: conifers (fir, spruce)
  • moose, bear, rabbit
A

Taiga

102
Q
  • moderate precipitation:rain
  • climax community: deciduous trees–(leaf, bearing, oak, maple)
  • squirrels, birds, owls, hawks, deer
A

Temperature Deciduous

103
Q
  • higher precipitation:rain
  • climax community:grasses
  • bison, buffalo, deer, rodents, grasshoppers
A

Grassland

Science Grade 10 (2 decks)

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