Ecology 2

Question 1

In 1840 __________ proposed that the single factor in shortest supply relative to demand is the critical determinant in species distribution.

Answer 1

Justus von Liebig

Question 2

Ecologist _________ later expanded this principle of limiting factors by stating that each environmental factors has both minimum and maximum levels, called tolerance limits,

Answer 2

Victor Shelford

Question 3

states that, for every environmental factor, an organism has both maximum and minimum levels beyond which it cannot survive.

Answer 3

principle of tolerance limits

Question 4

is when species acquire traits that allow them allow them to survive in their environment, is one of the most important concepts in biology.

Answer 4

Adaptation

Question 5

In some cases, behaviors such as when and where population members feed, sleep; or mate, even how they communicate, may separate them sufficiently known as separation into new types.

Answer 5

divergent evolution

Question 6

produce very different organisms from a common origin, but it can also cause unrelated organisms to look and act very much alike. We call this latter process___?

Answer 6

convergent evolution.

Question 7

describes the place or set of environmental conditions in which a particular organism lives.

Answer 7

Habitat

Question 8

is a description of either the role played by a species in a biological community or the total set of environmental factors that determine species distribution.

Answer 8

ecological niche

Question 9

states that no two species will occupy the same niche and compete for exactly the same resources in the same habitat for very long.

Answer 9

law of competitive exclusion

Question 10

When different organism in one ecosystem split up an area so they will minimizes competition

Answer 10

Resource partitioning

Question 11

are species that grow rapidly where you don’t want them.

Answer 11

Weeds

Question 12

is any organism that feeds directly upon another living organism, whether or not it kills its prey to do so.

Answer 12

predator

Question 13

whereas competition between members of different species is called____?

Answer 13

interspecific competition

Question 14

Competition among members of the same species is called___?

Answer 14

intraspecific competition

Question 15

is the intimate living together of members of two or more species.

Answer 15

Symbiosis

Question 16

is a type of symbiosis in which one member clearly benefits and the other apparently is neither benefited nor harmed.

Answer 16

Commensalism

Question 17

are a combination of a fungus and a photosynthetic partner, either an alga or a cyanobacteria.

Answer 17

Lichens

Question 18

Is a type of symbiosis in which both members of the partnership benefits

Answer 18

Mutualism

Question 19

species that actually are harmless evolve colors, patterns, or body shapes that mimic unpalatable or poisonous species which is called ____?.

Answer 19

Batesian mimicry

Question 20

is another way were species have evolved amazing abilities like insects that look exactly a dead leaves or twigs to hide from predators. While there are also predators _____ to hide as lie in wait for their prey.

Answer 20

Camouflage

Question 21

is a species or group of species whose impact on its community or ecosystem is much larger and more influential than would be expected from mere abundance.

Answer 21

keystone species

Question 22

We call the unrestricted increase in population ___________ because its rate can be expressed as a constant fraction, or exponent, by which existing population is multiplied.

Answer 22

exponential growth

Question 23

We call the maximum number of individuals of any species that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a sustainable basis the ______?

Answer 23

carrying capacity

Question 24

These species may grow exponentially when resources are unlimited, but their growth slows as they approach carrying capacity of the environment. This pattern is called ________ because of its constantly changing rate.

Answer 24

logistic growth

Question 25

They tend to have rapid reproduction and high mortality of offspring, and they may frequently overshoot carrying capacity and die back.

Answer 25

r-adapted species

Question 26

organisms tend to reproduce more slowly as they approach the carrying capacity (K) of their environment. These species are referred to as ____?

Answer 26

K-adapted species

Question 27

these limits are dependent on population density. Food and water, for example, become more limited as population grow. Disease, stress, and exposure to predators or parasites can all increase mortality rates as population increase. These factors are called ______?.

Answer 27

density-dependent

Question 28

is an expression of the number of individuals of a species in an area.

Answer 28

Abundance

Question 29

is the number of different species in an area.

Answer 29

Diversity

Question 30

in ecological terms refers to the number of species at each trophic level and the number of trophic levels in a community.

Answer 30

Complexity

Question 31

refers to pattern of spatial distribution of individuals and populations within a community, as well as the relation of a particular community to its surroundings

Answer 31

Ecological structure

Question 32

Ecologist call the boundaries between adjacent communities a ________ that are often rich in species diversity because individuals from both environments occupy the boundary area.

Answer 32

Ecotones

Question 33

the environmental and biotic conditions on the edges, may extend hundreds of meters into a forest fragment.

Answer 33

Edge effects

Question 34

occurs when a community begins to develop on a site previously unoccupied by living organisms, such as an island, a sand or silt bed, a body of water, or a new volcanic flow.

Answer 34

Primary succession

Question 35

occurs when an existing community is disrupted and a new one subsequently develops at the site.

Answer 35

Secondary succession

Question 36

A process of environmental modification by organisms ecological development or facilitation.

Answer 36

Ecological development

Question 37

organisms not normally occurring in a particular location that invade and disrupt the local community.

Answer 37

invasive species