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ecology Flashcards

1
Q

individual organism

A

single member of a species

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2
Q

population

A

no. individuals of same sepcies in the same area

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3
Q

community

A

multiple populaions living and interacting in same area

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4
Q

ecosystem

A

interaction between community (living) and abiotic parts of the environment

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5
Q

what do plants compete for

A
  • light
  • space
  • water
  • mineral ions
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6
Q

what do animals compete for

A
  • food
  • mates
  • territory
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7
Q

describe interdependence

A

how organisms in a community depend on other organimss for vital services
if one species is removed it can affect a whole community

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8
Q

stable community

A

where all species and environmental factors are in balance so that population sizes remain constant

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9
Q

Abiotic factors
7
interaction iwth ocmmunities

A
  • light intensity- photosynthesis>growth>food source
  • temperature- affects rate of phtotosyntheiss
  • moisture levels- plants and aniamls need water to survive
  • soil pH and mineral content-effects rate of decay (soil pH) & some plant species are adapated to different nutrient concentrations
  • wind intensity- affactes rate fo transiprations, affets temperature & rate of photosynthesis
  • CO2 levels- rate of photosyntheses
  • O2 levels for aqautaic aniams- need higher levels
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10
Q

Biotic factors
4

A

-food availability- more food>more successfully breeding>increase of population
- new preadtors- ecosytem may become unbalanced
- new pathogens- no resistance, population can easily be wiped out
- competition- one species better adapted to environment, compete

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11
Q

3 types of adapations and give examples

A
  • structural- physical part of organism- sharp teeth
  • behavioural- way organism behaves- bask in sun
  • functional- biological processes in organism- prooducing venom
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12
Q

how are organisms adapted in cold regions

A
  • small sa:v to minimsie heat loss
  • thick layer of fat or fur that insulates against cold
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13
Q

how are organisms adapted in dry regions

A
  • ^sav:v to aid heat loss
  • adaptions to kidneys to retain lots of water
  • extensive root system
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14
Q

food chain order from start

A

1.producer
2. primary consumer
3. secondary consumer
4. tertitary consumer

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15
Q

what do food chains show

A

the transfer of energy starting with from the sun

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16
Q

quadrats vs transects

A

quadrats- abndance of food or slow moving animals
transects- changes as you move along changing habitat

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17
Q

how carbon dioxide removed from the air?

A
  • photosynethsis by green plants and algae -> to make carbohydrates, proteins and fats
  • ^eaten by animals
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18
Q

how to increase effieciency of food

A

limiting movement
controlling temperature

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19
Q

intensive farming
pros and cons

A

pros
- more effeicient- less biomass wasted
- control fed nutrients
- eggs more easily harvested

cons
- infectious disease easily spread
- antibiotics for^- anyibjootic resistant bacteria
- cause stress- fights

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20
Q

free range vs intensive farming

A

free range- natural conditions & normal bahebious
free to roam
intensyuve- shed, high protein food, contorlled temp

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21
Q

effects of modern fishing on fish stocks

A
  • big nets
  • big boats
  • modern tech
    ^ all decrease fish stocks so they cabt breed
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22
Q

how to preseve fish stocks

A
  • quotas on no. fushes for each species
  • net size large enough so no small or immature fish can be caught- so can still reproduce
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23
Q

gm rice

A

golden rice
rich in vitamin A- vision

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24
Q

mycoprotein from

A

fusarium fungus

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25
mycoprotein process
- grown in glucose syrup in fermenter - aerobic- fungus converts glucose syrup into mycotoxins protein - biomass harvested and purified and put into food
26
mycoprotein advantages
- vegaterian - grow lots in small spade an effucient protein source^
27
how is carbon dioxde returned to the air? 2
- via respiration including decomposers - dead animals- decay- carbon into fossil fuels- burned
28
describe water cycle
- sun evapourates water from seas/oceans -> water vapour <- transpiration - water vapour rise -> condenses into clouds - water returns to land as precipitation and into lakes for plants/animals ->back to seas
29
what is decomposition
the breaking down and digestion of biological material by decomposers
30
what are decomposers
microorganism- bacteria, fungi detritus feeders
31
extremophiles
organisms that live in extreme conditions
32
what factors affect rate of decay?
- temperature - water- respiration of organisms - availabilty of oxygen
33
uses of decomposistion
**compost**- production of decay of biological material -> use as fertilisers **methane gas**- some microorganisms decompose waste anaerobically -> methane ^ burnt as feul ^ **biogas generators**
34
what environmenal changes impact distrubuion fo organisms
- **temperatue** - **availability of water** - **composition of atmospheric gases** - causes migrations
35
biodiversity
variety of differennt organisms on Earth or within an ecosystem
36
A great diversity...
**ensures stability of ecosystem** by **reducing dependence** of one species on another for food, shelter, maintainence of physcial environment
37
human acitivities that reduce biodiveristy
- **producing waste**- landfills, chemicals - **deforestation**- destruction - **global warming**- flooding, coral bleachiing, extreme weather
38
water pollution examples
- **toxic chemials**- spraying on crops- they cant be broken down - **untreated sewage**- pumped in water- bacteria - **fertiliser**- run off into water- growth of algae and water plants, other dies, bacteria
39
land pollution examples
- **toxic chemicals**- sprayed on crops- cant be broken down - **discarded rubbish**- landfill- destriction of habitats, chemicals
40
air pollution examples
- **sulphur dioxide and nitrogen gas**- burning fo fossil fuels- acid raain, damage to plants
41
how to reduce available land
- building - quarrying - farming - dumping waste
42
what is peat bog
- - bogs are waterlogged and acidic- dont decacy fully - caron dioxide not released- peat - peat bogs^ important habitat for many spcies
43
destruction of peat bogs
- drained for farming - drained for fuel -> release of CO2 - peat-> compost - WITHOOUT reduces biodiversity
44
consequences of deforestation
- extinction of species -> destruction of habitats - soil erosion-> tress stabilise soil, takes up nutrienegts and minerals washed away, less growth - increase in CO2-> global warming
45
greenhouse gases
- water vapour - CO2 -> fossil fuels - methane-> cattle - absorbs infrared radiation from sim- trapped in atmosphere
46
effects of global warming
- **ocean temperature ^**- meting of ice caps, rising sea level, flooding - **^ temperature**- extreme weather - **decrease biodiversity**- food chains & extincton rate ^ -** ^ migrattion**- ^ spread of pests and disease
47
hwo do humans maintin biodiveristy? 5
- **breeding programs** for** endagered species** - **protection and regneration** of **rare habitats** - reintroduction of **field margins and hedgerows**- farmers grow one type pf crop - **reduction of deforestation and carbon dixode emissions** by some governemnets - **recycling** resources wather than dumping in landfill
48
positive interactions with ecosystem
- maintaining rainforests - reducing water pollution and monitoring changes - preserving areas of scientific interest - replanting hedgerows and woodlands to provide previosly destroyed
49
negative interactions iwth ecosystem
- production of greenhouse gases - production of sulfur dioxide, factories- acid rain - chemicals used in farming leak into environment - cleariing land in order to build on- reducing no. habitats
50
trophic levels 1-4
Level 1- plants and algae make own food- producers Level 2- herbivores eat ^- primary consumers Level 3- predators eat^- secondary consumers Level 4- predators eat^- tertiary consumers
51
What is an apex predator
canivore with no predators
52
what do decomposes do?
break down animl and plant matter - by secreting enzymes into environment - break down into small molecules then diffuse into the microorganisms
53
imoortance of decomposition
helps release organic nutrients back into envronment which helps growth of plants
54
what does the pyramid of biomass show
relative amount of biomass in each level of food chain starts with level 1
55
what is biomass
the dry mass of the organism
56
percentage of energy transfered from sun to producer
1%
57
how is biomass lost
- faeces - urine- water & urea - respiration- water & CO2 - keeping warm - movment
58
percentage of biomass transferred to each level
10% approx
59
what is food security
having enough food to feed a population
60
biological factors that affec food secrity
- increase of birth rate - changing diets - new pests & pathogens that affec farming - environemntal changes that affect food populatipn- like famine if rain fall - cost of agricultural inputs - conflicts that arisen in parts of the wordl- afafce avalabilty of water or food
61
how to improve efficiency of food production? elaborate
restricting energy transfer from food animals to environment

biology 2 (3 decks)

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