ECOLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY Flashcards
The study of the ecology of infectious diseases. It includes population and community level studies of the interactions between hosts and their pathogens and parasites and covers disease of both humans and wildlife.
ECOLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY
Kills up to 90% of its human victims. A global outbreak killed ¼ of all the gorillas.
EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER
_____________ is caused by a prion, it is one of a family of irreversible, degenerative neurological diseases known as _____________
CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD), and TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES (TSE)
Tropical diseases such as ______, _______, _________, and ______, have been moving into areas from which they were formerly absent as mosquitoes, rodents, and other vectors expand into new habitat.
MALARIA, CHOLERA, YELLOW FEVER, AND DENGUE FEVER
The ________ ___________ that causes malaria is now resistant to most drugs, while the mosquitoes that transmit it have developed resistance to many insecticides.
PROTOZOAN PARASITE
They are given when the person could recover fully without them, and starting and not finishing a full prescription. They do not work against certain diseases.
ANTIBIOTICS
The study of toxins (poisons) and their effects, particularly on living systems because many substances are known to be poisonous to life.
ECOTOXICOLOGY
Ecotoxicology is a broad field, drawing from ___________, _________, __________, _______ and many other disciplines.
BIOCHEMISTRY, HISTOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY
They damage or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions. They are harmful even in extremely dilute Concentrations. In some cases, billionths, or even trillionths of a gram can cause irreversible damage.
TOXINS
Are immune-activating agents
ALLERGENS
It is an excellent example of a widely used chemical that is a potent sensitizer of the immune system.
FORMALDEHYDE
___________ is a situation in which the occcupants of a building experience acute health- or comfort-related effects that seem to be linked directly to the time spent in the building.
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)
Some people who suffer from ________ _______ _______ have headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue, and other symptoms caused by improperly ventilated indoor air contaminate with carbon monoxide, mold spores, nitrogen oxide, formaldehyde, and any other pollutants emitted from carpets, furnitures, fabrics, and construction materials and other sources.
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)
Suppress the immune system.
IMMUNE SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS
PCBs
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
Chemicals that disrupt the natural activity of hormones.
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS
Are chemicals released by cells into the bloodstreams in one part of the body to regulate the function and development of tissues and organs in the body.
HORMONES
Have similar shapes to natural hormones and amply their effects
HORMONE MIMICS
Known to be a hormone mimic used for Plastic products ranging from water bottles to tooth protecting sealants. Can also cause abnormal chromosome numbers which is the leading cause of miscarriages and several forms of mental retardation.
BPA (BISPHENOL A)
It also is an environmental estrogen and may alter sexual development for both males and females.
BPA (BISPHENOL A)
PETE
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTALATE
HDPE
HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
PVC
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
LDPE
LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
PP
POLYPROPYLENE
PS
POLYSTYRENE
Prevent natural hormones from attaching to their target organ.
HORMONE BLOCKERS
Is linked to increased risk of breast cancer, developmental and reproductive toxicity, allergies, and immuno-toxicity
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION
Are a particular class of metabolic poisons that individually attack nerve cells (neurons)
NEUROTOXINS
EXAMPLES OF NEUROTOXINS
-MANGANESE
-ARSENIC
-CHLORPYRIFOS
-FLUORIDE
-LEAD
-ETHANOL
-MERCURY
-TOLUENE
-TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERC)
-POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs)
-POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
-DDT/DDE
Heavy metals like _______ and _______ destroy nerve cells and cause permanent brain damage.
LEAD AND MERCURY
The enzymes that control the transfer of signals between nerve cells and the tissues or organs they innervate
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
___________ and _________ inhibit acetylcholinesterase
ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES
__________ and ________ disrupt nerve cell membranes needed for nerve action.
ANESTHETICS AND CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
Are agents that damage or modify the genetic material (DNA) in cells such as chemicals and radiation.
MUTAGENS
Are chemicals substance or other factors which cause different abnormalities during embryonic growth and development.
TERATOGENS
Drinking during pregnancy can lead to ___________ _______ _____ -a cluster of complications that persist throughout a child’s life, including craniofacial abnormalities, developmental disorder, behavioral problems, and mental defects.
FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Are substances that cause cancer invasive, and out-of-control cell growth resulting in malignant tumors
CARCINOGENS
