Echocardiography Chapter 12: Valvular Regurgitation Flashcards
How do the ventricles respond on a cellular level to volume overload?
With volume overload, the cells that make up the ventricles, aka the myocytes, respond by adding sarcomeres in line to existing sarcomeres, creating a chain of sarcomeres. In doing so, the myocyte gets longer. Overall, this leads to dilation rather than hypertrophy.
Source: sonosim.com
How do the ventricles respond on a cellular level to pressure overload?
With pressure overload, the cells that make up the ventricles, aka the myocytes, respond by adding sarcomeres in a parallel configuration to existing sarcomeres, creating stacks of sarcomeres. In doing so, the myocyte gets thicker. Overall, this leads to concentric hypertrophy.
Source: sonosim.com
M/C
Which of the following elements should ideally be present in the scanning plane used to measure vena contracta diameter?
a) proximal flow convergence zone
b) vena contracta
c) downstream regurgitant jet expansion zone
d) all of the above
d) all of the above
Source: sonosim.com
Describe the two types of MR.
Primary MR is characterized by deformation of the valve leaflets themselves. Secondary, or functional, MR is characterized by deformation of the LV and/or papillary muscles, stretching out the MV annulus and preventing coaptation.
source: sonosim.com
What are the two leading causes of aortic regurgitation
bicuspid aortic valve; calcific aortic valve disease (sonosim.com)
What echo findings are consistent with chronic mitral regurgitation
left atrial dilation
LVH if longstanding MR
Describe the 3 types of mitral regurgitation (?????)
- normal leaflet motion, often caused by a hole in the body of an MV leaflet
- exaggerated leaflet motion; leaflet moves loosely, often caused by prolapsed or flail leaflet
- restricted leaflet motion, ????????
Why is increased LA volume NOT associated with acute mitral regurgitation?
Increased LA volume is not associated with acute MR because in acute cases, the LA doesn’t get a chance to adapt to the increase in volume.
What is the point of PISA?
What are the most hemodynamically relevant values you get out of PISA?
Calculate EROA, which can give you regurgitant volume
T/F
The vena contracta width of the MV jet is best measured in A4C.
False, width is a linear measurement, and since axial resolution is better than lateral, you want linear measurements to be parallel to the scan line.
Which valvular regurgitation can be measured by pressure half-time?
Aortic regurgitation, the only valvular regurgitation which has provable values
