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CARDIOLOGY > Echocardiography > Flashcards

Echocardiography Flashcards

1
Q

Parasternal view

A

The walls close to the thoracic walls is the RV

the most distal is the posterior wall

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2
Q

Parasternal long axis view

A

examine IVS

we can identify left ventricular hypertrophy

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3
Q

max thickness of IVS

A

10 mm

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4
Q

IVS > 11 mm

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

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5
Q

IVS we can measure the thickness of the

A

Posterior wall by comparing thickeness of IVS + thickness of posterior wall we can determine if it is concentric or eccentric hypertrophy
we can see asymmetrical hypertrophy

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6
Q

Measure diameter of left atrium

A
  • left atrial dilatation
    more accurate measurement of LA dimensions - LA volume measure of four chamber apical view
  • Measure diameter of aortic annulus , aortic trude aortic valsava , ascending aorta
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7
Q

M mode

A

structures of the heart illustrated during axis of time

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8
Q

the 1st chamber encountered by the M mode line is

A

Right ventricle

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9
Q

the 2nd chamber encountered by the M mode line is

A

IVS - you can see in systole

diastole : relaxation of IVS

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10
Q

Doppler

A

flow through the chambers of the heart

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11
Q

flow from

A

mitral valve to the left atrium

high velocity - > turbulent flow

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12
Q

Mitral regurgitation is systolic the flow __

A

in the left ventricular outflow tract appear during diastole

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13
Q

the flow in LVAD

A

aortic regurgitation

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14
Q

Parasternal short axis view

A

Mitral valve

Middle of the ventricle and to the apical view of the left ventricle

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15
Q

1st short axis view

A

At the base of the heart

Great vessels of the heart

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16
Q

Short axis view

Center of the image

A

Short axis view of the aortix valve with three leaflets

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17
Q

Short axis view

Center of the image

A

Short axis view of the aortic valve with three leaflets

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18
Q

1st image of short view

A

left ventricle and mitral valve

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19
Q

short axis view of the left ventricle

A

circular shape

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20
Q

short axis view of right ventricle

A

semilunar shape which embraces the left ventricle

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21
Q

The first of the apical views

A

Apical four chamber view
very good to examine the tricuspid valve
mitral valve

22
Q

The right ventricle has __ walls than the left ventricle

A

thinner

23
Q

2 chamber apical view

A

left atrium and

left ventricle : inferior + anterior wall

24
Q

transthoracic echocardiography we cant see the

A

left atrial appendage

( because very posterior structure ? )

25
Q

Assesment of left atrial appendage

A

is the structure of the left atrium which is very important from clinical point of view because this is the place that maybe thrombi may be formed

  • We use transesophageal echocardiography : for structures more posteriorly located like atria + left atrial appendage
26
Q

Apical 3 chamber view

A

Left ventricle : posterior + anterior septum
left atrium
right ventricle

27
Q

causes of systolic dysfunction

A

Coronary heart disease : MI

28
Q

causes of systolic dysfunction

A

Coronary heart disease : MI
hypokinetic anterior wall
normal kinetic inferior wall

29
Q

Suprasternal view

A

Aortic arch

Supra-aortic arteries

30
Q

Subcostal view

A

Inferior vena cava and we always measure its diameter. That’s because if it is dialted then the right ventricular pressure is high

31
Q

we use the apical 4 chamber view + 2 chamber view in order to assess the

A

LV global systolic function
parameter : ejection fraction
The fraction of blood that is ejected during systole during the contraction

32
Q

Ejection fraction

A

is a ratio b/w the stroke volume and diastolic volume.

In order to calculate the stroke volume we will have to know the end diastolic volume and end systolic volume

33
Q

how we calculate the ejection fraction in practice

A

we contour the endocardial border of the LV both in apical 4 chamber view + 2 chamber view both in diastole and systole

34
Q

Doppler echocardiography

A

Blue color - mitral regurgitation - mitral valve is closed
Blue because the direction of the flow is from the probe to the distal part of the image

Red color - the mitral valve is open - during diastole - blood from the LA to the LV- blood flow from the left atrium to the probe

35
Q

Colour echocardiography ->

Spectral Doppler ->

A
  1. Qualitative examination of flow

2. We can assess the velocity of the flow through the heart valves which is very important from practical point of view

36
Q

if we know the velocity of the flow then we can calculate the pressure difference from 2 cavities

A

Taking for example tricuspid regurgitation.
If we have high pressure gradient b/w the RV and the RA that means that the velocity of the tricuspid regurgitation will be higher.
We have Bernoulli eq that translates velocities into pressure.Gradient of pressure equals four more than the described velocities.
ΔP = 4V2-> P(VD)= 4V2 + P(AD)

37
Q

With echocardiography we can measure noninvasively the pressure in

A

the pulmonary artery .
We can diagnose pulmonary hypertension
by applying Bernoulli eq-> the difference of the pressure b/w the RV and the RA is proportional with the velocity.

38
Q

Right ventricular contraction

A
  • Longitudinal contraction
    TAPSE ( Tricuspid Annulus PLan Systolic Excursion )
    N>15 mm
39
Q

CV Magnetic Resonance

A

Doesnt rely on the ultrasounds ( we dont need good acoustic window).
It uses physical properties of the tissues + the amount of water in the tissues respectively in order to image the heart structures.

40
Q

CV Magnetic Resonance is the gold standard for measuring the

A

LV wall thickness + LV volume and ejection fraction

+ RV volume + ejection fraction??

41
Q

In 2D transthoracic echocardiography

A

we cant measure the RV

ejection fraction ,we use a surrogate parameter (?)

42
Q

Contrast CV Magnetic Resonance ( CMR)

A

Based on Gadolinium -> a contrast which accumulates in the extracellular space in the interstitium .It doesnt enter the cell , if the membrane of the cell is intact .

43
Q

In cases of scar tissue Gadolinium accumulates in the

A

Extracellular space because scar tissue is hypocellular tissue .
Myocardial scars ->Myocardial Fibrosis : a consequence of MI or Myocarditis or simplified fibrosis

44
Q

Subepicardial scar specific to

A

Myocarditis

45
Q

By CMR we able to differentiate b/w

A

Myocarditis + MI

46
Q

with CMR we can also see

A

LV thrombus ( apex of the LV ?)

47
Q

CMR gold standard for

A

Endocarditis

48
Q

CMR in comparison with echochardiography give us the opportunity for

A

Tissue characterisation.
We can see what’s inside the tissue.Helpful to see :
- Myocardial scar
- Myocardial edema

49
Q

CMR is called

A

noninvasive myocardial biopsie

50
Q

Echocardiography

MRI

A

we assess:

  1. Dimension and function
  2. Dimension + function + tissue characterisation

CARDIOLOGY (19 decks)

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