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Cardioresp > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

P wave?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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2
Q

PR interval?

A

SAN-AVN <200 msecs

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3
Q

QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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4
Q

T wave?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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5
Q

QT interval

A

<460 msecs

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6
Q

U wave?

A

Repolarisation of papillary muscles

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7
Q

Causes of first degree heart block?

A 
Acute MI
Hypokalaemia
Digoxin
Beta-blocker
Rheumatic fever
Lyme disease
SLE
Myocarditis
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8
Q

Treatment for first degree heart block?

A

No specific treatment, treat cause

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9
Q

What is first degree heart block?

A

Prolonged PR interval

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10
Q

What is T1 second degree heart block?

A

Wenckebach - irregular QRS, increasing PR interval until no QRS for one cycle

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11
Q

Cause of second degree heart block?

A 
Fibrosis
IHD
Cardiomyopathy
Congenital
Valvular heart disease
MI
Metabolic disturbances
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12
Q

What is T2 second degree heart block?

A

Regularly dropped QRS complexes e.g. every 2 or 3 beats

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13
Q

What is Stokes-Adams attacks?

A

Episode of syncope caused by slowing of ventricular rate (type II,

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14
Q

What is third degree heart block? ECG findings?

A

No relationship between atrial and ventricular contraction. Broad QRS, RR long, PR random, 30-40 bpm

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15
Q

New onset left bundle branch block?

A

MI until proven otherwise

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16
Q

Left bundle branch block?

A

WilliaM on ECG, left axis deviation, wide QRS

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17
Q

Right bundle branch block

A

MarroW, prolonged QRS, t wave inversion in lead 1 and 2

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18
Q

Sinus bradycardia?

A

rate <60, normal PR

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19
Q

Causes of sinus bradycardia?

A 
Athlete
Beta-blockers
Calcium channel
Potassium channel
Digoxin
Hypothyroid
Hypokalaemia
Hypothermia
SSS
MI
Vasovagal
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20
Q

Treatment for sinus bradycardia?

A

ONLY IF SYMPTOMS

remove beta-blocker, oxygen, fluids, IV atropine or adrenaline, pacing

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21
Q

Beta-blocker overdose?

22
Q

What MI causes bradycardia

A

Inferior - RCA = SAN

23
Q

Inferior MI on what leads?

A

II, III, aVf

24
Q

Lateral MI on what leads?

A

I, aVL, V5, V6

25
Q

Anterior MI on what leads?

26
Q

What is levs disease?

A

Idiopathic fibrosis of SAN - causes SSS and 3rd degree heart block

27
Q

What is SSS

A

Sick sinus syndrome - disease of the sinoatrial node - sinus bradycardia, sudden rate changes, atrial standstill, AV escape rhythms

28
Q

Cause of 3rd degree heart block?

A

Fibrosis, congenital, aortic stenosis, surgery, IHD

29
Q

Atrial fibrillation

A

Irregularly irregular heart rate, re-entry circuits

30
Q

AF caused by?

A 
Mitral stenosis 
Mitral regurgitation
PE
IHD
Hypomagnesia
Digoxin toxicity
Dilated atrial cardiomyopathy
31
Q

Paroxysmal AF?

A

Recurrent AF that terminates spontaneously within 7 days

32
Q

Persistent AF?

A

AF lasting longer than 7 days

33
Q

Long standing persistent AF?

A

more than one year

34
Q

Permanent AF?

A

refractory to cardioversion

35
Q

AF symptoms?

A

Palpitations
Chest pain
Syncope
Pulmonary oedema

36
Q

Treatment of AF? (haemodynamically unstable)

A

Cardioversion

37
Q

Treatment of AF?

A

Beta blockers/calcium blockers or amiodarone if heart failure.
Must anticoagulate

38
Q

Complications of AF

A

Stroke
MI
Heart failure

39
Q

When is digoxin used?

A

Older patients

40
Q

What is electrical alterans?

A

Varied QRS - pericardial effusion

41
Q

Asystole?

A

No cardiac activity

42
Q

Right atrial enlargement on ECG?

A

Peaked p wave - P Pulmonale

43
Q

Left atrial enlargement on ECG?

A

bipeaked p waves - P Mitrale

44
Q

Sign of previous MI?

45
Q

Medication causing long QT?

A 
Sotalol
Amiodarone
Erythromycin
Clarithromycin
Haloperidol
Chlorpromazine
46
Q

What is the normal range of QRS axis?

A

-30 to +90

47
Q

Leads V1, V2 and V3 measure which direction?

A

anterior/posterior forces

48
Q

Leads I, aVr, aVl, V4, V5 and V6 measure which direction?

A

Right to left

49
Q

What forces do II, III and aVf measure?

A

Inferiorly

50
Q

Cardioversion for new-onset AF?

A

Flecainide or amiodarone if no structural or ischemic heart disease
Amiodarone if structural abnormality

Cardioresp (8 decks)

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