Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

VIVAs > ECGs > Flashcards

ECGs Flashcards

1
Q

identify this ECG

A

Sinus arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Identify this ECG

A

1st degree heart block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Identify this ECG

A

type 2 heart block, mobitz type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Identify this ECG

A

type2 heart block, mobitz type 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Identify this ECG

A

3rd degree heart block

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Identify this ECG

A

Atrial fibrillation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Identify this ECG

A

hyperkalaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Identify this ECG

A

sick sinus syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Identify this ECG

A

sinus bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Identify this ECG

A

Sinus tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Identify this ECG

A

supraventricular premature beats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Identify this ECG

A

supraventricular tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Identify this ECG

A

ventricular premature contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Identify this ECG

A

ventricular tachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Identify this ECG

A

wandering pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name non pathological arrhythmias

(2)

A

sinus arrhythmia

wandering pacemaker

17
Q

Name the pathological bradyarrhythmias

8

A

type 1 heart block

type 2 heart block mobitz type 1

type 2 heart block mobitz type 2

type 3 heart block

sinus bradycardia

hyperkalaemia

hypokalaemia

sick sinus syndrome

18
Q

Name the pathological tachyarrhyhmias

7

A

ventricular fibrillation

ventricular tachycardia

supraventricular tachycardia

atrial fibrillation

supraventricular premature beats

ventricular premature contractions

sinus tachycradia

19
Q

Describe wandering pacemaker

A

Heart rate low to mid normal

Associated with sinus arrthymia

Variable amplitude or morphology of P wave

Change in P waves gradually shifts from normal to abnormal

non pathological

20
Q

List differentials for sinus bradycardia

A
  • Increased parasympathetic tone-
  • respiratory disease
  • gastric irritation
  • increased CSF pressure
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Hypothermia
  • Hyperkalaemia
  • Hypoglycaemia
  • Drug therapy
21
Q

Describe type 1 heart block

A

Prolonged PR interval

P for every QRS

Due to prolonged conduction across the
AV node

Associated with increased parasympathetic
tone

May be due to drugs - digoxin, calcium
channel blocker, procainamide, beta-
blocker

PR interval can increase with age

May be completely normal for that
dog

Often there are no haemodynamic
abnormalities

No treatment is required

22
Q

Describe type 2 heart block, mobitz type 1

A

P wave not followed by QRS

PR interval gradually prolongs until
blocked

QRS appears normal

The PR interval immediately preceding
the blocked beat is longer than the PR
interval immediately following the
blocked beat

Due to prolonged conduction across the AV
node

Associated with increased parasympathetic
tone

May be a normal variant

Can be induced by digoxin

Infrequently requires treatment

23
Q

Describe type 2 heart block, mobitz type 2

A

P wave not followed by QRS

Often has wide QRS complexes

PR is of constant duration

May have multiple P waves not
followed by QRS e.g. 2:1, 3:1 etc

Caused by failure of impulse to
propagate through the Bundle of His or
bundle branches

Associated with organic disease of the
Bundle of His e.g. ischaemia, scarring,
infection, necrosis, granuloma or
tumour

Usually not responsive to atropine or
glycopyrrolate

Can cause reduced cardiac output if
ventricular response rate low

May require treatment if there are clinical
signs

Potential pacemaker candidate

24
Q

Describe type 3 heart block

A

Atrial rate and rhythm that occurs
independently of a much slower
ventricular rate and rhythm

The ventricular rhythm is an escape from
latent, subsidiary pacemaker foci

QRS may look normal or may be
abnormal depending on the origin of the
impulse

Due to the same aetiologies as for Mobitz
type II block

Can be a consequence of Lyme disease

Cause signs of low output

No response to atropine

May be associated with hypothyroidism

Indication for a pacemaker

25
Q

List differentials for hyperkalaemia

A

Potassium abnormalities are relatively
common metabolic causes of cardiac
arrhythmias-

  • Addisons disease
  • Urinary tract obstruction
  • Oliguric/anuric renal failure
  • Acidosis
  • DKA
26
Q

Discuss hyperkalaemia and treatment

A

Decreased amplitude of P wave
progressing to atrial standstill
Prolonged QRS/bizarre QRS
Increased QT duration
Tall spiked T waves
Decreased R wave amplitude

Fluid therapy using NaCl 0.9%
Ca gluconate 0.5mg/kg iv slow
Glucose + insulin or just glucose

NaHCO3 1-2 mEq/kg iv slow
Steroid supplementation for Addison’s
disease

27
Q

Discuss sick sinus syndrome including treatment

A

Group of disorders involving the SA node,
AV node, Bundle of His and bundle
branches
Usually involves periods of sinus
tachycardia and supraventricular
tachycardia interspersed with bradycardia
and sinus arrest

May have ischaemia or fibrosis of the
SA node and conduction system
Miniature Schnauzers are over-
represented
Usually idiopathic
Can cause syncopal episodes

Atropine is usually not effective
Pacemaker implantation is usually
the treatment of choice for
symptomatic patients

28
Q

List differentials for sinus tachycardia

A

Sinus rhythm with increased ventricular
rate can be due to-
pain
fever
anaemia
excitement
decreased cardiac output
hyperthyroidism

29
Q

Discuss supraventricular tachycardia including potential treatments

A

May be atrial or junctional in origin
•Causes are the same for both types
–enlarged atria
–ischaemic foci in the atria
–drugs therapy especially digoxin or
anaesthetics

Several isolated beats are of no
significance
Multiple beats may cause a reduction in
cardiac output
If the animal is symptomatic then
treatment usually comprises
digoxin, a calcium channel blocker or a beta-
blocker

30
Q

Discuss supraventricular tachycardia

A

Same aetiologies and therefore
treatment as for APCs/supraventricular premature beats
Can be paroxysmal and precipitate
syncope and collapse
Can lead to heart failure through
elevation in heart rate

31
Q

Discuss atrial fibrillation

A

Rapid and irregular rhythm
•No visible P waves
•Baseline variation - fibrillatory
potentials
•QRS looks normal in appearance

Although the heart rate is usually rapid it
may be slower in a giant breed, if there is
AV nodal disease also or if drug therapy is
being used
•Usually secondary to AV insufficiency,
cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease
when the atria are stretched

Convert the rhythm?

–Use quinidine
•Slow the rhythm
–digoxin
–beta-blockers
–calcium channel blockers

32
Q

Discuss ventricular premature contractions including treatment

A

Premature beats
QRS is usually wide and bizarre
If more than one ectopic focus is
present then there will be more
than one morphological appearance

Ventricular premature
contractions - treatment
-Lignocaine 2-4mg/kg iv slowly or CRI
-Oral ‘lignocaine’, mexilitine 2-5mg/kg BID-TID
-Procainamide 6-8mg/kg iv over 5 minutes
-Quinidine
-Sotalol
May not be required if haemodynamically stable

when to treat-
Greater than 20/minute
•Presence of doublets or triplets of
abnormal complexes
•Multiformed complexes
•R on T phenomenon

33
Q

List differential diagnoses for ventricular premature contractions

A

Associated with ventricular hypertrophy
•Associated with myocardial hypoxia
•Induced by acidosis
•Induced by drugs e.g. digoxin, barbiturates
and anti-arrhythmics
•May predispose to ventricular tachycardia

34
Q

Identify this ECG

A

ventricular fibrillation

VIVAs (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions