ECGs

Question 1

Sinus Rhythm Features

Answer 1

Rate=60-100 / Rhythm=RR / PR=3-5mm / QRS=2-3mm

Question 2

AF Features

Answer 2

Irreg Irreg / No P waves / Baseline not isoelectric / QRS <3mm .

Question 3

Causes of AF

Answer 3

Hypertension / Valve disease / ischaemia / infection / drugs / thyrotoxicosis / PE / adrenaline

Question 4

Atrial Flutter Features

Answer 4

Rate 200-400 - Ventricular rate depends on block / Narrow tachy / Saw tooth pattern

Question 5

Causes of atrial flutter

Answer 5

Atrial flutter:

Question 6

VT Features

Answer 6

Broad QRS tachycardia / >160ms QRS without block / NW axis deviation / P+QRS dissociation

Question 7

Causes of VT

Answer 7

Reentry usually prior to ischaemia/infarct / LAD DAD / abnormal impulse generation

Question 8

VF Features

Answer 8

No QRS / Chaos / Rate 150-500 / Amplitude decreases with time

Question 9

Causes of VF (7)

Answer 9

Ischaemia / Cardiomyopathy / Drugs / PE / Blunt trauma / Electrolytes / Hypothermia

Question 10

Severe Hyperkalaemia features

Answer 10

Broad complex BRADYCARDIA / tented T waves / flattened P waves / PR prolongation / High grade AV block / SINE wave

Question 11

Causes of Hyperkalaemia

Answer 11

many

Question 12

NSTEMI Features

Answer 12

ST depression >2mm in 3 or more leads

Question 13

Causes of NSTEMI

Answer 13

look up

Question 14

STEMI Features

Answer 14

ST elevation (Septal V1+2) (Anterior V3+4) (Lateral V5+6) / T wave inversion

Question 15

Causes of STEMI

Answer 15

Occlusion ( STE in RCA II III aVF) (STE in V pairs = LAD) (STD in V1+2 = posterior)

Question 16

Ischaemia Features

Answer 16

T Wave inversion / ST depression / can be seen also in LVH so look for this / widespread depression with elevation in aVR

Question 17

Causes of Ischaemia

Answer 17

Coronary Syndrome / Athero / Coronary occlusion

Question 18

LBBB Features

Answer 18

Broad QRS / L axis dev / R wave >60ms in V5+6 / deep S V1-3 / WiLLiaM

Question 19

Causes of LBBB

Answer 19

Aortic stenosis / IHD / Hypertension / Dil. Cardiomyopathy / Anterior MI / Hyperkalaemia / Digoxin / Degeneration (lenegere)

Question 20

RBBB Features

Answer 20

Early QRS normal but RSR in V1-3 / ST depression / T wave inversion / No axis dev / Wide S in V5+6

Question 21

Causes of RBBB

Answer 21

RVH / PE / Rheumatic HD / Congenital / Degeneration

Question 22

Heart Block Features

Answer 22

P waves not always followed by QRS - ratio depends on number of P vs QRS (complete=complete dissociation)

Question 23

Causes of heart block

Answer 23

AVN conduction problem

Question 24

Sinus tachycardia Features

Answer 24

RR >100/min (<3mm)

Question 25

Sinus Tachycardia Causes

Answer 25

Anaemia / anxiety / Pain / Sepsis / Hypovolaemia / HF / PE / Thyrotoxicosis