ECG + Heart Anatomy Flashcards by Costanza Coronelli

Irregular rhythm- slight but regular lengthening and then shortening

Sinus arrhythmia

Common in young

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no P waves

Irregularly irregular QRS

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Atrial Flutter

Sawtooth P wave

Regular QRS

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P waves in different leads

Upright in II, III, aVF

Inverted in aVR

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P-mitrale

bifid P wave

Indicates left atrial hypertrophy

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P-pulmonale

Peaked P wave

Indicates right atrial hypertrophy

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Hyperkalaemia

Pseudo-P pulmonale seen

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Prolonged PR interval

Delayed AV conduction

1st degree heart block

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Short PR interval

Unusually fast AV conduction down an accessory pathway

e.g. Wolff-Parkinson White

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Prolonged QRS

Ventricular conduction defects (e.g. bundle branch block)
Metabolic disturbance
Ventricular origin

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High amplitude QRS complex

Ventricular hypertrophy

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Q wave normal

<0.04s
Often seen I, aVL, V5, V6
Reflects normal septal depolarisation

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Pathological Q waves

Deep and wide

Acute MI

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Prolonged QT interval

Brugada syndrome (sudden cardiac death)

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Congenital Prolonged QT

Romano-Ward syndrome
Jervell syndrome
Lange-Nielsen syndrome

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Cardiac Prolonged QT

MI
Ischaemia
Mitral valve prolapse

Metabolic Prolonged QT

Hypokalaemia
Hypomagnesaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Starvation
Hypothyroidism
Hypothermia

Toxins Prolonged QT

Organosphosphates

Anti-arrhythmic drugs Prolonged QT

Quinidine
Amiodarone
Procainamide
Sotalol

Antihistamines Prolonged QT

Terfenadine

Astimazole

Motility drugs Prolonged QT

Domperidone

Psychoactive drugs Prolonged QT

Haloperidol
Risperidone
TCAs
SSRIs

Herbalism Prolonged QT

Chinese folk remedies
Cocaine
Quinine
Artemisins (anti-malarials)

ST Elevation

> 1mm

Infarction

ST depression

>0.5mm | Ischaemia

Normal T wave

Normally inverted in aVR, V1 (and V2) Normal if inverted in isolation in III Abnormal if inverted in I, II, V4-V6

Peaked T wave

Hyperkalaemia

Flattened T wave

Hypokalaemia

J wave

Where S wave finishes + ST segment starts J wave is a notch at this point Seen in hypothermia, SAH, hypercalcaemia

Normal Axis

``` -30 to 90 Lead I (0) + Lead II (60)` + ```

Left Axis Deviation

Right Axis Deviation

``` >90 Lead I (0) - Lead II (+60) + ```