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Cardiology > ECG basics > Flashcards

ECG basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is an ECG?

A

ECG = electrocardiogram

Shows the electrical activity of the heart

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2
Q

How many seconds is 1 small box?

A

0.04

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3
Q

How many seconds is 1 large box?

A

0.2

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4
Q

How many large boxes make up 1 seconds?

A

5

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5
Q

How many large boxes make up 1 min?

A

300

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6
Q

What does a P wave show?

A

Depolarisation of the atria

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7
Q

What does QRS complex show?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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8
Q

What does the T wave show?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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9
Q

What are the parameters of the PR interval?

A

Start = beginning of P wave
End = beginning of Q wave

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10
Q

What does the PR interval show?

A

The length of time taken for electrical activity to move from the atria to the ventricles

i,e., the length of time between the depolarisation of the atrial and the start of ventricular depolarisation

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11
Q

What are the parameters of the ST segment?

A

Beginning = end of S wave
End = beginning of T wave

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12
Q

What does the ST segment show?

A

The time between ventricular depolarisation and ventricular repolarisation

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13
Q

What are the parameters of the RR interval?

A

Beginning = peak of one R wave
End = peak of the next R wave

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14
Q

What does the RR interval show?

A

The length of time between each ventricular depolarisation

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15
Q

What are the parameters of the QT interval?

A

Beginning = start of QRS complex
End = end of T wave

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16
Q

What does the QT interval show?

A

The length of time between the depolarisation and repolarisation of the ventricles

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17
Q

What are the chest electrodes and where are they placed?

A

V1 - 4th intercostal space right sternal edge

V2 - 4th intercostal space left sternal edge

V3 - midway between V2 and V4

V4 - left 5th intercostal mid-clavicular line

V5 - left anterior axillary line on same plane as V4

V6 - left mid-axillary line on same plane as V4 + 5

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18
Q

What are the limb leads and where are they placed?

A

Red - right arm on ulnar styloid process

Yellow - left arm on ulnar styloid process

Green - medial/lateral malleolus of left leg

Black - medial/lateral malleolus of right leg

TIP : mnemonic = Ride Your Green Bike (start from the patient’s right arm and move clockwise. Remember you need to face the patient for this to work)

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19
Q

What view of the heart does V1 show?

A

Septal

20
Q

What view of the heart does V2 show?

A

Septal

21
Q

What view of the heart does V3 show?

A

Anterior

22
Q

What view of the heart does V4 show?

A

Anterior

23
Q

What view of the heart does V5 show?

A

Lateral

24
Q

What view of the heart does V6 show?

A

Lateral

25
Q

What view of the heart does Lead I show?

A

Lateral

26
Q

What view of the heart does Lead II show?

A

Inferior

27
Q

What view of the heart does Lead III show?

A

Inferior

28
Q

What view of the heart does aVR show?

A

Lateral

29
Q

What view of the heart does aVL show?

A

Lateral

30
Q

What view of the heart does aVF show?

A

Inferior

31
Q

Name all the leads that provide an inferior view of the heart

A

Lead II
Lead III
Lead aVF

32
Q

Name all the leads that provide a lateral view of the heart

A

V5
V6
Lead I
aVL
aVR

33
Q

Name all the leads that provide a septal view of the heart

A

V1
V2

34
Q

Name all the leads that provide an anterior view of the heart

A

V3
V4

35
Q

What is the cardiac axis?

A

An overview of the heart’s electrical activity

36
Q

What is positive deflection?

A

Movement of electrical activity towards that lead

37
Q

What is negative deflection?

A

Movement of electrical activity away from that lead

38
Q

What is the normal cardiac axis? Which leads does this lie between?

A

-30 to 90
Between aVL to aVR

39
Q

In a normal cardiac axis where is the overall direction of electrical activity?

A

Towards leads I, II & III which all show positive deflections (the most positive deflection is in lead II)

Most negative deflection in the aVR as it looks at the heart in the opposite direction

40
Q

What is a right axis deviation?

A

Depolarisation is deviated/distorted towards the right - between +90 to +180

41
Q

Name some causes of right axis deviation

A

Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVD) (most common cause) - often associated with pulmonary HTN

RVD causes the deflection in lead I to be more -ve and that of lead aVF/III to be more +ve

41
Q

What is a left axis deviation?

A

Depolarisation is deviated/distorted towards the left - between -30 to -90

41
Q

Name some causes of left axis deviation

A

Conduction abnormalities

42
Q

Which artery supplies the anterior and septal areas?

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)

43
Q

Which artery supplies the inferior area?

A

RCA (in 70% of people)

Left circumflex (in 30% of people)

44
Q

Which artery supplies the lateral area?

A

Left circumflex

Diagonal of LAD

Cardiology (15 decks)

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