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ECG > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

Speed of paper

A

25mm/s

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2
Q

Large square

A

0.2 seconds

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3
Q

Small square

A

0.04 seconds

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4
Q

How to calculate rate

A

300/ no. of large squares between R-R interval

OR

QRS complexes in rhythm strip x 6

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5
Q

Causes of sinus tachycardia >100/min

A
  1. anaemia
  2. anxiety
  3. exercise
  4. Pain
  5. Fever
  6. Sepsis
  7. Hypovolaemia
  8. Heart failure
  9. PE
  10. Pregnancy
  11. Hyperthyroid
  12. Thiamine deficiency
  13. CO2 retention
  14. Autonomic neuropathy
  15. Sympathomimetics- caffiene, adrenaline,nicotine
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6
Q

Causes of sinus bradycardia <60/min

A
  1. Physical fitness
  2. Vasovagal attacks
  3. Sick sinus syndrome (sinus node dysfunction)
  4. Acute MI (Esp. inferior)
  5. Drugs- beta blockers, digoxin, amiodarone, verapamil
  6. Hypothyroid
  7. Hypothermia
  8. Increased ICP
  9. Cholestasis
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7
Q

Normal axis

A

-30(avL) to +90(aVF)

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8
Q

Right axis deviation

A

+90 to +180

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9
Q

Left axis deviation

A

-30 to -90

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10
Q

Left axis deviation causes

A
  1. Left anterior hemiblock
  2. Inferior MI
  3. VT from LV focus
  4. WPW syndrome - more common types
  5. LVH
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11
Q

Right axis deviation causes

A
  1. RVH
  2. PE
  3. Anterolateral MI
  4. Left posterior hemiblock (rare)
  5. WPW - less common types
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12
Q

Absent P waves

A
  • AF
  • SA block
  • Junctional AVN rhythm
  • hyperkalaemia
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13
Q

Peaked P waves

A

P pulmonale- Right atrial hypertrophy

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14
Q

Bifid P waves

A

P mitrale- mitral stenosis

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15
Q

Pseudo P pulmonale

A

hypokalaemia

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16
Q

PR interval

A

start of P wave to start of QRS
- 0.12 - 0.2s ( 3-5 small squares)

  • Prolonged= AVN block (e.g. heart blocks)
  • Short= fast AV conduction through accessory pathway (WPW
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17
Q

QRS

A
  • 0.12
  • > 0.12= ventricular conduction defect- BBB
  • Large QRS= VH
18
Q

2 criterias for LVH on ECG

A
  • Height of S in V1 and R in V6 - if >35 mm then LVH

OR
- Largest R/S in limb leads >20mm

19
Q

Where is Q wave normally seen?

A

Lateral leads:
V5, V6, a VL and I

anywhere ellse is abnormal

20
Q

Q wave in an abnormal lead is indicative of?

A
  • post MI
21
Q

QRS - delta wave

A

WPW syndrome

22
Q

QTc duration

A

0.4 seconds

Start of QRS to end of T

23
Q

Causes of prolong QTc

A
  1. Hypothermia
  2. Acute MI
  3. Myocarditis
  4. Bradycardia (AV block)
  5. Head injury
  6. U & E balance - hypo K, Ca, Mg
  7. Congenital :Romano-Ward, Jervell-Lange-Neilson syndrome
  8. Drugs: sotalol , amiodarone, macrolides (erythromycin), quinidine , antihistamines, phenothiazines, tricylics
24
Q

Downsloping ST segment

A

DIGOXIN

- reverse tick sign

25
Q

Where is T wave normally inverted?

A

aVR, V1 +/- V2, never V2 alone, occasionally V2/V3

26
Q

Peaked T wave

A

Hyperkalaemia

27
Q

Which leads is T wave inversion abnormal?

A

I, II, V4-V6

28
Q

Flattened T wave

A

Hypokalaemia

29
Q

T inversion in V1-V3

A
  1. normal (p and children)
  2. RBBB
  3. PE
30
Q

T inverson in V2-V5

A
  1. Subendocardial MI
  2. HOCM
  3. SAH
  4. Lithium
31
Q

T inversion in V4-V6

A
  1. Ischaemia
  2. LVH
    3, LBBB
32
Q

Hypothermia ECG changes

A

J waves

Tall late R waves in V1

33
Q

Hyperkalaemia ECG changes

A
  • tall peaked t waves
  • Broad QRS
  • Sinusoidal ECG
  • small/absent P waves
  • Increased PR interval
  • V.fib , asystole
34
Q

Hypokalaemia ECG changes

A
  • Flat T waves
  • ST depression
  • long QT
  • ventricular dysarrythmias
35
Q

PE ECG changes

A

1) normal ECG
2) SINUS Tacchycardia
- tachycardia
- RAD
- R. ventricular strain
- AF
- S1 Q3 T3

36
Q

R. heart strain signs

A

S1 Q3 T3

S wave in lead 1
Q wave in lead III
Inverted T wave in lead III

37
Q

AF ecg signs

A

Absent P waves

QRS irregularly irregular

38
Q

Atrial flutter ecg signs

A

Sawtooth line of atrial depolarisation
Regular QRS complexes
Variable degree of AV conduction

39
Q

Nodal rhythm

A

Normal QRS

P waves absent or occur just before or within QRS

40
Q

Ventricular ryhtm

A

QRS complexes >0.12 with P waves following them

41
Q

1st and 2nd degree heart block causes

A
  • Normal variant
  • Athletes
  • Sick sinus syndrome
    IHD
    Acute carditis
    Drugs (digoxin and beta blockers)
42
Q

3rd degree complete heart block causes

A
  • idiopathic (fibrosis)
  • congenital
  • IHD
  • Aortic valve calcification
  • Cardiac surgery/ trauma
  • Digoxin toxicity
  • Infiltration (abscess, granuloma, tumours, parasites)

ECG (1 decks)

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