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Z YEAR 1 BRS cardiology > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What does the P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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2
Q

When does the PR interval start?

A

Begins at start of P wave and ends at beginning of Q wave

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3
Q

What does the PR interval show?

A

Represents time taken for electrical activity to move between atria and ventricles

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4
Q

What does the QRS complex represent?

A

Depolarisation of ventricles

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5
Q

When does the ST segment start?

A

Starts at end of S wave and ends at beginning of T wave

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6
Q

What is the ST segment?

A

An isoelectric line that represents the time between depolarisation and depolarisation of the ventricles (i.e. ventricular contraction)

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7
Q

What does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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8
Q

Where does the RR interval begin and end?

A

begins at peak of one R wave and ends at the peak of the next R wave

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9
Q

What does the RR interval represent?

A

time between two qrs complexes

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10
Q

Where does the QT interval begin and end?

A

Begins at start of the QRS complex and finishes t the end of the T wave

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11
Q

What does the QT interval represent?

A

Time taken for ventricles to depolarise and then depolarise

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12
Q

What is a 12 lead ECG?

A

records 12 leads (imaginary line) producing 12 separate graphs on piece of ECG paper

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13
Q

How many physical electrodes are attached to the patient to generate 12 leads?

A

10

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14
Q

Where is V1?

A

4th intercostal space - right sternal angle

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15
Q

Where is V2?

A

4th intercostal space - left sternal angle

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16
Q

Where is V3?

A

midway between V2 and V4

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17
Q

Where is V4?

A

5th intercostal space - midclavicular line

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18
Q

Where is V5?

A

left anterior axillary line - small horizontal level as V4

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19
Q

Where is V6?

A

left mid-axillary line - same horizontal level as V4 and V5

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20
Q

Where are the limb electrodes placed?

A

LA - left arm
RA- right arm
LL- left leg
RL- right leg neutral not used in measurements

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21
Q

What is the chest lead V1?

A

septal view of heart

22
Q

What is the chest lead V2?

A

septal view of heart

23
Q

What is the chest lead V3?

A

anterior view of heart

24
Q

What is the chest lead V4?

A

anterior view of heart

25
Q

What is the chest lead V5?

A

lateral view of heat

26
Q

What is the chest lead V6?

A

lateral view of heart

27
Q

What is lead I?

A

Lateral view (RA-LA)

28
Q

What is lead II?

A

Inferior view (RA-LL)

29
Q

What is lead III?

A

Inferior view (RA-LL)

30
Q

What is lead aVR?

A

Lateral view (LA+LL-RA)

31
Q

What is lead aVL?

A

lateral view (RA+LL - LA)

32
Q

What is lead aVF?

A

(RA+LA -LL)

33
Q

When do you get positive deflection?

A

travels towards hear

34
Q

When do you get negative direction?

A

travels away from heart

35
Q

What does the higher deflection show?

A

greater amount of electrical activity flowing towards lead

36
Q

What does it mean if R wave is greater than S wave?

A

depolarisation moving towards that lead

37
Q

What does it mean if S wave is greater than R wave?

A

depolarisation moving away from that lead

38
Q

What does it mean if R and S waves are of equal size?

A

depolarisation is travelling exactly 90 degrees tot hat lead

39
Q

Which leads show inferior view of heart?

A

II, III, aVF

40
Q

Which leads show lateral view of the heart?

A

I, aVL, V5, V6

41
Q

Which leads show anterior view of heart?

A

V3, V4

42
Q

Which leads show septal view of heart?

A

V1, V2

43
Q

Where would the axis lie in healthy individuals?

A

between -30 and +90 degrees

44
Q

Where is the overall direction of electrical activity towards?

A

Lead I II and III (positive deflection in these lead with most in lead II)

45
Q

Where would the most negative deflection be?

A

aVR

46
Q

What is right axis deviation?

A

direction of depolarisation distorted to right (between +90 and +180degrees)

47
Q

What is the most common cause of RAD?

A

-Right ventricular hypertrophy e.g. in pulmonary hypertension and can be normal finding in very tall individuals

48
Q

What does RAD mean for deflections?

A

In lead I become negative and in lead aVF / III to become more positive

49
Q

What is left axis depolarisation?

A

Direction of depolarisation distorted to the left (between -30 and -90 degrees)

50
Q

What deflection for LAD result in?

A

defection of lead III becoming negative (only significant in deflection of lead II becomes negative)

51
Q

What is LAD usually caused by?

A

conduction abnormalities

Z YEAR 1 BRS cardiology (10 decks)

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