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Data Interpretation > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristic ECG changes in hyperkalaemia?

A 
Tall tented T waves
Loss of P waves
QRS complex broadening
Sine-wave-shaped ECG
Cardiac arrest rhythms
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2
Q

What are the characteristic ECG changes of hypokalaemia?

A

Flat, broad T waves
ST depression
Long QT interval
Ventricular dysrhythmias

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3
Q

What distance should the P-R interval be?

A

Between 3 and 5 small squares (0.12-0.2secs)

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4
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

Used to describe erratic electrical activity in the atria

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5
Q

What is seen on an ECG with atrial fibrillation?

A

No P waves

Irregularly occurring QRS complexes

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6
Q

What is seen on an ECG with atrial flutter?

A

Flutter (F) waves (NOT P waves)

Irregular occurring QRS complex, and may have degree of AV block (e.g. 2:1)

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7
Q

What do flutter waves appear like on an ECG?

A

Saw-toothed appearance

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8
Q

What are the ECG features of first degree heart block?

A

P waves followed by QRS complex, but P-R interval is prolonged, but constant

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9
Q

What three things must be present to diagnose sinus rhythm?

A

P wave preceding every QRS complex
P-R interval is normal
P-R interval is constant

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10
Q

What are the ECG features of secondary degree heart block, Mobitz type 1?

A

P-R interval lengthens with successive heart beat, until a QRS complex is dropped.
Also called Wenckebach

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11
Q

What are the ECG features of secondary degree heart block, Mobitz type 2?

A

Not every P wave associated with a QRS complex. Can have set rhythm, e.g. two-to-one.

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12
Q

What are the ECG features of a third degree heart block?

A

Both P waves and QRS complexes present, but there is no association between them

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13
Q

What are the best leads to look at for axis deviation?

A

Leads I and II

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14
Q

What would the leads show in left axis deviation?

A

Lead I - upgoing

Lead II - downgoing

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15
Q

What would the leads show in right axis deviation?

A

Lead I - downgoing

Lead II - upgoing

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16
Q

What does P pulmonale describe and what conditions does it occur in?

A

Tall, peaked P waves

Seen in right atrial enlargement

17
Q

What does P mitrale describe and what conditions does it occur in?

A

Bifid P waves

Seen in patients with mitral stenosis

18
Q

What is the width of a normal QRS complex?

A

Three small squares (0.12secs)

19
Q

What ECG features are seen in RBBB?

A

Two upward deflections (two R waves) in V1 (the M shape)

A deep S wave in V6 (the W shape)

20
Q

What can LBBB on ECG be a sign of?

A

Myocardial infarction

21
Q

What are the ECG features of LBBB?

A

A stepped downward deflection in V1 (the W shape)

Two upward deflections (RSR pattern) in V6 (the M shape)

22
Q

What are the causes of ST segment elevation and what are the differences between them?

A

MI - convex upward ST elevation (in heart leads of damaged part)
Pericarditis - concave/saddle-shape upward ST elevation (in most/all ECG leads)

23
Q

What can horizontal ST depression signify?

A

Cardiac ischaemia, eg angina pectoris, NSTEMI

24
Q

What is the normal width of Q-T interval?

A

No more than two large squares

25
Q

What are shockable rhythms?

A 
Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia (pulseless)
26
Q

What is the QT interval measured from and to?

A

Beginning of QRS complex to end of T wave

27
Q

What can prolonged QT interval be a risk for?

A

Developing torsades de pointes (a life-threatening arrhythmia)

28
Q

What drugs can increase the QT interval?

A 
Amiodarone
Amitriptyline
Chlorpromazine 
Haloperidol
Levofloxacin
Sumatriptan
29
Q

In a young healthy patient, what can breathing do to the heart rhythm?

A

Rate is faster on inspiration

30
Q

What is a pure delta wave a feature of?

A

Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome

31
Q

What conditions can cause ventricular tachycardia?

A

MI
Valvular heart disease
Heart failure
Electrolyte imbalances

32
Q

What are common causes of torsades de pointes?

A

Drugs that lengthen QT interval, eg amiodarone, erythromycin, haloperidol
Myocardial ischaemia
Electrolyte abnormalities, eg hypokalaemia

33
Q

What are the causes of pulseless electrical activity?

A

Hypoxia
Hypovolaemia
Hypo/hyperkalaemia
Hypothermia

Tension pneumothorax
Tamponade (cardiac)
Thrombus (PE)
Toxins (drugs)

Data Interpretation (6 decks)

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