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ECG > ECG > Flashcards

ECG Flashcards

1
Q

what is ventricular trigenemy

A

premature contraction every 3rd beat

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2
Q

how to recognise hypercalcalcaemia on an ecg

A

short QT interval

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3
Q

how to recognise hypocalcaemia

A

prolonged QT interval

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4
Q

what are symptoms of hypocalcaemia

A

facial twitching, pins and needles and fatigue

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5
Q

what are symptoms of hypercalcaemia

A

fatigue, thirst, increase urine output, muscle weakness

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6
Q

what is hypocalcaemia

A

low calcium

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7
Q

what is hyperecalcaemia

A

high calcium

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8
Q

how to spot hyperkalemia

A

t waves to become tall and peaked

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9
Q

how to spot hypokalaemia

A

low and flat t waves and u waves

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of abnormal potassium

A

muscle weakness
cramps
chest pain
palpatations

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11
Q

what is low potassium

A

hypoklemia

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12
Q

what is high potassium

A

hyperkalemia

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13
Q

how to get a posterior view

A

move v4, v5, v6 to the back

they become v7, v8, v9

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14
Q

what is the anterior leads

A

front of the heart

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15
Q

what are the posterior view

A

view of the back

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16
Q

what are the lateral leads

A

leads 1 , All, v5, v6

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17
Q

what are the anterior leads

A

v1, v2, v3, v4

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18
Q

what are the inferior leads

A

leads 2, 3 and AVF

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19
Q

when should you worry about st depression or elevation

A

when it happens in 2 or more leads

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20
Q

what are the causes of a semi

A

t wave inversion
st depression
st elevation

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21
Q

what is a semi

A

blocked artery in heart stops oxygen blood passing causing tissue death

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22
Q

how many mm is a small square

A

1mm

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23
Q

what is st depression

A

st segment falling low of the isometric line

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24
Q

what is the St segment

A

end of the S wave and start of the t wave

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25
Q

what is premature atrial contraction

A

abnormaly shaped p waves occurs

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26
Q

what is no substance ventricular trachycardia

A

3 or more in a row of premature contractions

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27
Q

what is ventricular couplets

A

premature contraction 2 in a row

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28
Q

what is ventricular bigeminey

A

premature contraction every other beat

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29
Q

what is ventricular trigenemy

A

premature contraction every 3rd beat

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30
Q

what is ventricular quadrigeminy

A

premature contractions every 4th beat

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31
Q

what are the symptoms of premature contraction

A

palpitation
chest pain
dizzness
shortness of breath

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32
Q

what is a premature contraction

A

occasional out of place complex on an ecg

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33
Q

what is the common symptoms of super ventricular tachycardia

A 
palpatations 
shortness of breath 
dizziness 
chest pain 
(comes on suddenly)
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34
Q

what is supper ventricular tachycardia

A

narrow complex
regular rhythm
no visible P waves
above 100bpm (usually 150-250bpm)

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35
Q

what is the usual rate of sinus tachycardia

A

100-150bpm

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36
Q

what are the causes of sinus tachycardia

A

sepsis
pain
anxiety

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37
Q

what is browed complex tachycardia

A

QRS wider than 0.12 (3 small squares)

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38
Q

what is narrow complex tachycardia

A

QRS complex less than 0.125 (3 squares)

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39
Q

what Is atrial flutter

A

flutter waves happen in-between QRS complex

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40
Q

what is atrial fibrillation

A

irregularly, irregual rhythm

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41
Q

what is a lower junctional rhythm

A

p waves after ORS complex

impulses in AV node down to ventricles (creating QRS complex) up to atria creating P waves

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42
Q

How to identify mid junctional rhythm

A

impulses created in AV node into atria and ventricles at the same time

making no p waves

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43
Q

how to identify junctional rhythm

A

p waves negative in lead 1 and 2 and positive AVR

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44
Q

what is junctional rhythm

A

abnormal p waves on ECG

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45
Q

how to identify extreme axis deviation

A

negative in all lead 1,2 AVF

46
Q

how to identify right axis deterioration

A

positive lead 2, AVF

negative in lead 1

(right is for reaching)

47
Q

how to identify left axis deviation

A

postive p wave in lead one

and

negative p waves in lead 2 and AVF

(left is for leaving)

48
Q

how to identify normal cardiac axis

A

all qrs are positive in lead 1, 2 and avf

49
Q

how to identify right atrial enlargement

A

p waves over 2.5 small squares

50
Q

how to identify left atrial enlargement

A

p waves longer than 3 small squares

51
Q

what does a normal p wave look like

A

no longer than 3 small squares and no taller than 2.5 small squares

52
Q

how tall is 2 large squares

A

1mv

53
Q

how tall is one big square

A

0.5mv

54
Q

how tall is one small square

A

0.1 mv

55
Q

how to identify left ventricular hypertrophy

A

calculate ballers s wave in v1 and v2

caculate tallest r in v5 and v6

add together if over 3.5

56
Q

what leads do we look in for left ventricular hypertrophy

A

v1 and v2

v5 and v6

57
Q

what leads do you look in for right ventricular hypertrophy

A

v1 and v5

58
Q

how can you identify right ventricular hypertrophy

A

r waves taller than 1 large box in v1

and

taller than 5 waves deep

and in v5 S waves is deeper than 1 box

59
Q

how can you identify a third degree heart block on an ecg

A

regular p waves and regular QRS but no regular pattern

beats are often around 40bpm (due to only ventricles pumping blood around the body)

60
Q

explain the pathophysiology of a third degree heart block (complete block)

A

their is a complete block at or bellow the AV node which prevents an impulse passing though the ventricles this leads to the ventricles being forced to create their own impulse to pump blood around the body

atria and ventricles beating independently

61
Q

explain the pathophysiology of a 2nd degree AV block type two

A

Av node working fine till a sudden block stops the ventricles to contract

62
Q

explain the pathophysiology of a 2nd degree Av block type one

A

the av node takes longer and longer to transmit signals till a complex block occurs

63
Q

explain the pathophysiology of a first degree AV block

A

the signals are able to pass through the AV node on a regular basis but slightly delayed on conduction which leads to a longer PR interval

64
Q

how can you recognise a first degree AV block

A

longer than 5 squares and always the same distant from the QRS complex

65
Q

what part of the hearts blocked in a first degree Av block

A

partial block on the area of the AV node

66
Q

what is affected in a heart block

A

its affects the PR interval

67
Q

what is the PR interval

A

the distance between the start of the p wave and the start of the QRS complex

68
Q

how many MM and seconds is a large box

A

5mm

0.20 seconds

69
Q

how many MM and seconds is a small box

A

1mm

o.o4 seconds

70
Q

how long should a QT interval be

A

0.35- 0.46

9-12 small boxes

71
Q

what is the QT inteval

A

distance from start q wave to the end of the T waves

72
Q

what is the normal length of the QRS interval

A
  1. 06- 0.12 seconds

1. 5- 3 small boxes

73
Q

what is the qrs interval

A

distance between start of the Q wave to the end of the S wave

74
Q

how long should a PR interval be

A

0.12- 0.20 seconds

3-5 small boxes

75
Q

what is it called when the QRS complex consists of one large downwards deflection its known as a QR wave

A
76
Q

what is the secondary r wave called

A

R primary

77
Q

what is the second downwards deflection after the R wave known as

A

S wave

78
Q

what is the first upwards deflection called

A

R wave

79
Q

what is the first downwards deflection known as

A

Q waves

80
Q

how to identify sinus rhythm

A

P waves before every QRS complex

are the P waves in lead 2 up right and P waves in AVR facing downwards

are the QRS complex equal distance (count the large boxes)

is their a QRS after every P wave

81
Q

where should the t waves be inverted

A

AVR and V 1

82
Q

what is the T wave

A

represents ventricle reset period

83
Q

what is the QRS complex

A

impulses traveling down into the ventricles and through purkunji fibres

84
Q

what is the P wave

A

atrium filling with blood and the SA node firing contractions

85
Q

where does the electrical impulse travel after the Ev node

A

through the bundle of his and both bundle branches then return to the SV node by the purkunji fibres

86
Q

what is the role of the SA node

A

initiating an electrical impulse that travels down the Av node

87
Q

what does the p- wave represent

A

(atrial depolarisation) atria contracting

88
Q

what does the QRS complex represent

A

formed when the impulses passes through the ventricles ( ventricles contracting)

89
Q

what does the PR interval represent

A

the time it takes for the impulses to travel from the atria to the ventricles

90
Q

where is the Pr interval

A

distance from the start of the p wave to the start of the Qrs complex

91
Q

what is the QT interval

A

the time between the start of the Q wave to the end of the T wave

92
Q

what is the T wave

A

represents repolarisation of the ventricles ( when it relaxes)

93
Q

what happens when the t wave returns back to the isoelectric line

A

cardiac impulses have caused the heart to contract and relax again

94
Q

what is the best lead to get the best view of the heart

A

lead 2

95
Q

what can you identify through measuring the R waves

A

if the rhythm is regular by comparing the distance between the R waves

96
Q

how do you work out if the heart rate is regular

A

count the number of large squares between the R wave the dived it by 300

for example 300/4 is 75 bpm

97
Q

how to measure the heart rate if the rhythm is irregular

A

count the number of large squares over a 10 second strip ( 1 second- 5 big squares)

now multiply this by 6

98
Q

what is the first step to reading an ECG

A

assessing the rhythm

99
Q

what is the second step to reading an ECG

A

assessing the rate

100
Q

what is step three of reading an ECG

A

are all the waves poinint up in lead 1 and 2 and negative in AVR

101
Q

what is the fourth step of reading an ECG

A

making sure the PR interval is between 3-5 small squares

102
Q

what is the five step of reading a ECG

A

make sure their are no pathological Q waves

103
Q

what do Q waves indicate

A

current or previous heart attacks

104
Q

when are the Q waves considered pathological

A

wider than 1mm
deeper than 2mm
25% of the QRS complex

105
Q

what is the six step of reading a ECG

A

seeing if the QRS complex is less than 3 small squares

106
Q

if the QRS complex is wider than 3 small squares , what does it indicate

A

bundle branch block

107
Q

what is the seventh step of reading a ECG

A

asses the R and S waves in the chest leads

108
Q

what is the eighth step of reading a ECG

A

is the ST segment start on the isoelectric line

109
Q

what is the 9th step of reading a ECG

A

are their any t wave abnormalities

110
Q

what leads should the T waves be upright

A

lead 1, 2 and V2-V6

111
Q

what is the last step to reading a ECG

A

is the QT interval normal

112
Q

what is a normal QT interval

A

0.350- 0.436

ECG (1 decks)

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