ECEIM Literature 2018 - 2022

Question 1

Most macrolide-resistant isolates of R. equi that have been identified to date are also resistant to rifampin, what are the gene?

http://Controversies in the therapy of infections caused by Rhodococcus equi in foals. Giguère. 2018

Answer 1

Rifampin resistance in R. equi is the result of mutations in the rpoB gene.

Macrolide resistance in R. equi is conferred by acquisition of a newly identified rRNA methylase gene designated erm(46)

Question 2

Sudden death in sport and riding horses during and immediately after exercise. Navas de solis. EVJ 2018

Answer 2

36 (63.2%) cases horses reportedly became ataxic, disoriented or sluggish, slowed down, stopped or refused to move.

In 22.8% of all cases and 31.7% of sudden death during exercise, there were associated human injuries underscores that equine sudden death relevance goes beyond animal health.

16 (28.1%) cases for which a cause for the sudden death was confirmed, or strongly suspected during necropsy examinations, 13 were cardiovascular in origin and in 3 lung disease was reported.

Aortic rupture was the most common specific pathology reported.

Question 3

Standardised exercise testing in 17 reining horses. NAvas de solis. EVE 2018

Answer 3

Upper respiratory tract dysfunction is a major cause of exercise intolerance.

The most common abnormality observed was laryngeal asymmetry. not noise was reported.

Question 4

Parasite faecal egg counts in equine veterinary practice. Nielsen. EVE 2021

Answer 4

• Routine testing anthelmintic treatment efficacy is of paramount importance in equine veterinary practice of today and should be the starting point for any parasite control program.
• In foals, weanlings and yearlings, faecal egg counts should be used to monitor presence of ascarid parasites to allow selection of appropriate anthelmintics.
• In mature horses, strongylid faecal egg counts can be used to classify horses into low, moderate and high shedders for a tailored parasite control approach targeting cyathostomin parasites.
• Faecal egg counts are neither indicative of worm burden size nor parasitic involvement in clinical disease.
• The multiplication factor of a faecal egg counting technique is not synonymous with its diagnostic or analytic sensitivity.
• Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity have limited implications for the performance of faecal egg counting techniques.
• Accuracy and precision are important quantitative performance parameters for faecal egg counting techniques, but they are not synonymous.
• Precision has the largest implications for faecal egg counts given the estimation of anthelmintic efficacy and classification of strongylid egg shedding status.
• Training and experience of personnel performing faecal egg counts affects test performance and needs attention.
• Automated faecal egg counting techniques perform with higher precision than manual techniques and will likely become more widely used in the future.

Question 5

Pathologic findings in Shivering and Stringhalt in horses

Valberg - Veterinary Journal 2022

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105829

Answer 5

Selective distal axonal degeneration in of cerebellar Purkinje cells within the deep cerebellar nuclei (Valberg et al., 2015).

80-fold increase in calretinin-negative, calbindin-positive, glutamic acid decarboxylase-positive spheroids in Purkinje cell axons within the deep cerebellar nuclei of horses with Shivering (Valberg et al., 2015).

There also appeared to be a reduction in the number of end-terminal synapses within the deep cerebellar nuclei, with degeneration being most evident in the lateral nuclei (Valberg et al., 2015).

Question 6

Mild-moderate equine asthma: A scoping review of evidence supporting the consensus definition

Kinnison - Veterinary Journal 2022

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2022.105865

Answer 6

There was conflicting evidence for all the examined relationships except for that between coughing and tracheobronchial mucus, for which all seven studies reported an association, and between cough and BAL, for which all three reported an association.

Studies detecting and not detecting associations between BAL cytology and poor performance were of similar size, suggesting that the absence of significant associations was not simply because of low study power.