Eccology Exam 3

Question 1

Why study population?

Answer 1

To understand ecosystem and niche of species.

Question 2

Environmental Resistance

Answer 2

Limited by available resources

Question 3

K=

Answer 3

Carrying capacity

Question 4

R selected

Answer 4

Intrinsic rate of increase, small offspring, no parental care. Often annual.

Question 5

K selected

Answer 5

Slow growth, long-lived. High competition

Question 6

Carrying capacity

Answer 6

Can not be predicted, for some species can differ location.

Question 7

Population Regulation

Answer 7

Density independent controls
Destruction of habitat
Unseasonal temperatures

Question 8

Density Independent controls

Answer 8

Limiting factors affect the population irrespective of the population density.

Question 9

Density-dependent population controls

Answer 9

Limiting factors become more influential

Question 10

population density increase

Answer 10

force changes as density changes

Question 11

conspecific

Answer 11

Individuals with other individuals of the same species

Question 12

Ecological pressures for group living

Answer 12

Predation pressure
Food acquisition
Territory defense
Thermoregulation

Question 13

Dilution effect

Answer 13

more people less risk of individual getting hurt

Question 14

Center VS Edge

Answer 14

Lower risk of predation

Question 15

Selfish heard

Answer 15

Moving to an area for prevention of predation.

Question 16

Increased Vigilance

Answer 16

Individuals looking around observing surroundings for predators.

Question 17

Cost of group living increased

Answer 17

Competition for resources
conspicuousness
Disease and parasitism
Cannaibalism and cuckoldry

Question 18

Cuckoldry

Answer 18

Individual stealing a mate.

Question 19

Altruism

Answer 19

Altruist increases the reproductive success of a recipient at the cost of it’s own direct reproduction.

Question 20

Kin selection

Answer 20

A form of natural selection where an individual will sacrifice their life to help related organisms.

Question 21

Mutualism

Answer 21

Individual derives benefits from the interactions regardless of relatedness

Question 22

Manipulation

Answer 22

One individual cooperates and may be giving altruistic behavior because it is being tricked.

Question 23

Reciprocity

Answer 23

Model of how altruistic behavior will evolve with
immediate costs but the recipient of the behavior
repays the altruist later
(A helps B today, B helps A tomorrow)

Question 24

traits that influence fitness to influence survival or reproduction

Answer 24

size
growth and development
clutch number
reproductive allocation

Question 25

Life History traits

Answer 25

growth trajectory * age and size at first reproduction * schedule of reproduction (iteroparity vs. semelparity) * number and size of offspring to have * how long to live

Question 26

Increase human lifespan?

Answer 26

Delay reproduction

Question 27

why is evolution in nature complex

Answer 27

-organisms interact with organisms of their type, other types, and their physical environment – Interactors/interactions may change over time

Question 28

fitness benefits of being large

Answer 28

-competitavly superior -Better predators -Maintain constant body function -More offspring.

Question 29

Fitness cost of being large

Answer 29

-More energy for growth -More worthy prey items -More energy for maintenance -More energy for offspring

Question 30

Fitness benefits of rapid growth

Answer 30

-reproduce sooner -short generation time -High rate of increase in population

Question 31

Fitness cost of rapid growth

Answer 31

-Requires much energy -Vulnerable in hard Times

Question 32

What are trade-offs among components

Answer 32

Relationships among life history characterization where the benefits from one leads to cost in another. (usually because of limited resources)

Question 33

What links life history traits together?

Answer 33

Problems with investigating trade-offs (reproduction vs growth)

Question 34

Trade-Offs to influence life history

Answer 34

account for the variation in life history strategies among species.

Question 35

Inference

Answer 35

only those phenotypes best able to grow, survive, gather resources, and reproduce will leave offspring; other phenotypes die out (Natural selection)

Question 36

Inference

Answer 36

the makeup of the population will change over generations, increasing the representation of the best phenotypes and genotypes (Evolution)