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Ecology > Eccology Exam 3 > Flashcards

Eccology Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why study population?

A

To understand ecosystem and niche of species.

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2
Q

Environmental Resistance

A

Limited by available resources

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3
Q

K=

A

Carrying capacity

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4
Q

R selected

A

Intrinsic rate of increase, small offspring, no parental care. Often annual.

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5
Q

K selected

A

Slow growth, long-lived. High competition

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6
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Can not be predicted, for some species can differ location.

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7
Q

Population Regulation

A

Density independent controls
Destruction of habitat
Unseasonal temperatures

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8
Q

Density Independent controls

A

Limiting factors affect the population irrespective of the population density.

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9
Q

Density-dependent population controls

A

Limiting factors become more influential

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10
Q

population density increase

A

force changes as density changes

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11
Q

conspecific

A

Individuals with other individuals of the same species

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12
Q

Ecological pressures for group living

A

Predation pressure
Food acquisition
Territory defense
Thermoregulation

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13
Q

Dilution effect

A

more people less risk of individual getting hurt

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14
Q

Center VS Edge

A

Lower risk of predation

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15
Q

Selfish heard

A

Moving to an area for prevention of predation.

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16
Q

Increased Vigilance

A

Individuals looking around observing surroundings for predators.

17
Q

Cost of group living increased

A

Competition for resources
conspicuousness
Disease and parasitism
Cannaibalism and cuckoldry

18
Q

Cuckoldry

A

Individual stealing a mate.

19
Q

Altruism

A

Altruist increases the reproductive success of a recipient at the cost of it’s own direct reproduction.

20
Q

Kin selection

A

A form of natural selection where an individual will sacrifice their life to help related organisms.

21
Q

Mutualism

A

Individual derives benefits from the interactions regardless of relatedness

22
Q

Manipulation

A

One individual cooperates and may be giving altruistic behavior because it is being tricked.

23
Q

Reciprocity

A

Model of how altruistic behavior will evolve with
immediate costs but the recipient of the behavior
repays the altruist later
(A helps B today, B helps A tomorrow)

24
Q

traits that influence fitness to influence survival or reproduction

A

size
growth and development
clutch number
reproductive allocation

25
Q

Life History traits

A

growth trajectory
* age and size at first
reproduction
* schedule of reproduction
(iteroparity vs.
semelparity)
* number and size of
offspring to have
* how long to live

26
Q

Increase human lifespan?

A

Delay reproduction

27
Q

why is evolution in nature complex

A

-organisms interact with organisms of their type, other types,
and their physical environment
– Interactors/interactions may change over time

28
Q

fitness benefits of being large

A

-competitavly superior
-Better predators
-Maintain constant body function
-More offspring.

29
Q

Fitness cost of being large

A

-More energy for growth
-More worthy prey items
-More energy for maintenance
-More energy for offspring

30
Q

Fitness benefits of rapid growth

A

-reproduce sooner
-short generation time
-High rate of increase in population

31
Q

Fitness cost of rapid growth

A

-Requires much energy
-Vulnerable in hard Times

32
Q

What are trade-offs among components

A

Relationships among life history characterization where the benefits from one leads to cost in another.
(usually because of limited resources)

33
Q

What links life history traits together?

A

Problems with investigating trade-offs
(reproduction vs growth)

34
Q

Trade-Offs to influence life history

A

account for the variation in life history strategies among species.

35
Q

Inference

A

only those phenotypes best able to
grow, survive, gather resources, and reproduce will leave offspring; other phenotypes die out
(Natural selection)

36
Q

Inference

A

the makeup of the population will change over generations, increasing the representation of
the best phenotypes and genotypes
(Evolution)

Ecology (4 decks)

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