ECB Chapter 5 Flashcards
What does life do?
- ) It makes copies of itself
2. ) It creates order
What is the essential difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
The compartments. Prokaryotes are essential bags of cells and eukaryotic cells have compartments
What is a genome?
The complete set of genetic material for an organism
Name the three macromolecules
Amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides
Which strain was the lethal strain for Griffith’s mice?
S -Strain
What did Hershey and Chase attach to DNA and proteins
They labelled protein with 35 S and DNA with 32P
What is the central dogma?
Genes are encoded in DNA and transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins that perform the majority of cell functions.
How can you tell what is the 3’ end and the 5’ end of a DNA strand
There is a phosphate group (OPO3) at the 5’ end and a hydroxyl (OH)
How many hydrogen bonds between C and G
3
How many hydrogen bonds between A and T
2
At what level of structure do R groups matter
Tertiary structure. R groups don’t interact at the first or second layer of structure
What is the primary level of protein structure
The amino acid chain
What is the secondary structure of proteins?
Alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets
What is the quaternary structure of proteins?
The complex structure of protein molecules
What is a nucleoside
a nucleotide without the phosphate group
How do you determine DNA and RNA?
At the C2 position there is only a hydrogen on DNA.
On RNA at the C2 position there is a hydroxyl groups (OH)
Where does the sugar attach to the nucleoside?
C1’
What happens on the different point on the carbon sugar?
C1’ is where it attaches to the ACTU or G molecule. C2’ where whether it is DNA or RNA. C3’ always and OH group. C5’ where the phosphate groups attached.
What form must the nucleotide be in to form a DNA or RNA polymer?
And how does the formation happen?
Tri-phosphate
The triphosphate group attached to 5’ of the carbon sugar, releases two phosphates and then. The energy of the breaking of the bond provides the energy to form a bond with the hydroxyl group of the 3’ of the previous carbon sugar, H2O is cleaved and then
Where do phosphate groups attach to the 5 carbon sugar?
C5’
In what direction should DNA be read?
5’ to 3’
What is the bottom of the a DNA chain?
3’
What are plasmids?
the single circular DNA molecule in prokaryotes. it is a self sealing circle
What is a gene?
The entire nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional protein for RNA molecule
What are SNPs?
Single nucleotide polymorphism
What sections of DNA are most and least conserved?
Exons are most conserved, introns less so. Conserved introns must have a function.
Can DNA transcribe when it is highly condensed?
No
What are the three DNA sequences required to produce a stable eukaryotic chromosome?
- ) DNA replication origin
- ) Centromere
- ) Telomere
What are telomeres?
DNA repeats at the end that allow replication without shortening the DNA
Interphase chromosomes are organized within the nucleus via three mechanisms?
- ) Nuclear envelope attachment
- ) Nucleolus - site of ribosomal RNA genes
- ) Each chromosomes occupies a particular region
What is the lowest level of DNA packaging structure?
beads on a sting
what is a higher level of DNA organization?
30nm fiber
What are nucleosome?
DNA coiled around histones
Name attributes of histone proteins?
They are positively charged
What is histone h1 important for?
It keeps the DNA in place in the nucleosome. It allow the nucleosome to be pulled into the next repeating array. Allows the histones to associate in a very specific pattern that builds the 30nm fiber.
What are the two types of chromatin in interphase cells?
Heterochromatin (highly condensed) either centromere, telomeres, not needed in that cells or a gene poor region.
Euchromatin (less condensed) during replication and regions of particularly active genes
What are chromatin remodeling complexes?
They access or condense chromatin
