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Biology 215 > ECB Chapter 5 > Flashcards

ECB Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does life do?

A
  1. ) It makes copies of itself

2. ) It creates order

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2
Q

What is the essential difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

The compartments. Prokaryotes are essential bags of cells and eukaryotic cells have compartments

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3
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of genetic material for an organism

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4
Q

Name the three macromolecules

A

Amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides

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5
Q

Which strain was the lethal strain for Griffith’s mice?

A

S -Strain

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6
Q

What did Hershey and Chase attach to DNA and proteins

A

They labelled protein with 35 S and DNA with 32P

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7
Q

What is the central dogma?

A

Genes are encoded in DNA and transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins that perform the majority of cell functions.

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8
Q

How can you tell what is the 3’ end and the 5’ end of a DNA strand

A

There is a phosphate group (OPO3) at the 5’ end and a hydroxyl (OH)

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between C and G

A

3

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10
Q

How many hydrogen bonds between A and T

A

2

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11
Q

At what level of structure do R groups matter

A

Tertiary structure. R groups don’t interact at the first or second layer of structure

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12
Q

What is the primary level of protein structure

A

The amino acid chain

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13
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins?

A

Alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets

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14
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins?

A

The complex structure of protein molecules

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15
Q

What is a nucleoside

A

a nucleotide without the phosphate group

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16
Q

How do you determine DNA and RNA?

A

At the C2 position there is only a hydrogen on DNA.

On RNA at the C2 position there is a hydroxyl groups (OH)

17
Q

Where does the sugar attach to the nucleoside?

A

C1’

18
Q

What happens on the different point on the carbon sugar?

A

C1’ is where it attaches to the ACTU or G molecule. C2’ where whether it is DNA or RNA. C3’ always and OH group. C5’ where the phosphate groups attached.

19
Q

What form must the nucleotide be in to form a DNA or RNA polymer?

And how does the formation happen?

A

Tri-phosphate

The triphosphate group attached to 5’ of the carbon sugar, releases two phosphates and then. The energy of the breaking of the bond provides the energy to form a bond with the hydroxyl group of the 3’ of the previous carbon sugar, H2O is cleaved and then

20
Q

Where do phosphate groups attach to the 5 carbon sugar?

A

C5’

21
Q

In what direction should DNA be read?

A

5’ to 3’

22
Q

What is the bottom of the a DNA chain?

A

3’

23
Q

What are plasmids?

A

the single circular DNA molecule in prokaryotes. it is a self sealing circle

24
Q

What is a gene?

A

The entire nucleic acid sequence that is necessary for the synthesis of a functional protein for RNA molecule

25
Q

What are SNPs?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphism

26
Q

What sections of DNA are most and least conserved?

A

Exons are most conserved, introns less so. Conserved introns must have a function.

27
Q

Can DNA transcribe when it is highly condensed?

A

No

28
Q

What are the three DNA sequences required to produce a stable eukaryotic chromosome?

A
  1. ) DNA replication origin
  2. ) Centromere
  3. ) Telomere
29
Q

What are telomeres?

A

DNA repeats at the end that allow replication without shortening the DNA

30
Q

Interphase chromosomes are organized within the nucleus via three mechanisms?

A
  1. ) Nuclear envelope attachment
  2. ) Nucleolus - site of ribosomal RNA genes
  3. ) Each chromosomes occupies a particular region
31
Q

What is the lowest level of DNA packaging structure?

A

beads on a sting

32
Q

what is a higher level of DNA organization?

A

30nm fiber

33
Q

What are nucleosome?

A

DNA coiled around histones

34
Q

Name attributes of histone proteins?

A

They are positively charged

35
Q

What is histone h1 important for?

A

It keeps the DNA in place in the nucleosome. It allow the nucleosome to be pulled into the next repeating array. Allows the histones to associate in a very specific pattern that builds the 30nm fiber.

36
Q

What are the two types of chromatin in interphase cells?

A

Heterochromatin (highly condensed) either centromere, telomeres, not needed in that cells or a gene poor region.

Euchromatin (less condensed) during replication and regions of particularly active genes

37
Q

What are chromatin remodeling complexes?

A

They access or condense chromatin

Biology 215 (3 decks)

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