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EC2 Flashcards

1
Q

Here are some EC2 configuration options:

OS: Linux, Windows or MAC OS
CPU: compute power and cores
RAM: how much memory
Storage space: Network-attached (EBS & EFS) or hardware (EC2 Instance Store)
Network card: speed of the card, public IP address
Firewall rules: security group
Bootstrap script (configure at first launch): EC2 User Data

A
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2
Q

Using an EC2 User Data script you can ____ the instances, meaning you can launch commands when the machine starts.
The script is run as the root user.

A

bootstrap

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3
Q

The EC2 user data script is only run once when the instance is ____.

A

first started

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4
Q

EC2 user data is used to automate boot tasks such as:

installing updates
installing software
downloading common files from the internet
just about anything else

A
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5
Q

AWS instance naming convention - m5.2xlarge

m: instance class
5: generation
2xlarge: size within the instance class

A
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6
Q

Which EC2 instance type is described below:

  • great for a diversity of workloads such as web servers or code repositories.
  • balance between compute, memory and networking
A

general purpose

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7
Q

Which EC2 instance type is described below:

  • great for compute-intensive tasks that require high performance, such as:
    • batch processing workloads
    • media transcoding
    • high performance web servers
    • high performance computing (HRC)
    • scientific modeling and machine learning
    • dedicated gaming servers
A

compute optimized

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8
Q

Which EC2 instance type is described below:

  • fast performance for workloads that process large data sets in memory
  • use cases:
    • high performance, relational/non-relational databases
    • distributed web scale cache stores
    • in-memory databases optimized for BI
    • applications performing real-time processing of big unstructured data
A

memory optimized

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9
Q

Which EC2 instance type is described below:

  • great for storage-intensive tasks that require high, sequential read and write access to large data sets on local storage
  • use cases:
    • high frequency online transaction processing (OLTP) systems
    • relational and NoSQL databases
    • cache for in-memory databases (for example, Redis)
    • data warehousing applications
    • distributed file systems
A

storage optimized

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10
Q

____ are fundamental to network security in AWS.
They control how traffic is allowed into or out of EC2 instances.

A

Security groups

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11
Q

Security groups only contain ____ rules.

A

allow

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12
Q

Security groups rules can reference by ____ or by ____.

A

IP
security group

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13
Q

Security groups act as a ____ on EC2 instances.
They regulate:
- access to ports
- authorized IP ranges - IPv4 and IPv6
- control of inbound network
- control of outbound network

A

firewall

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14
Q

Security groups can be attached to ____ instances.

A

multiple

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15
Q

Security groups are locked down to a ____ combination.

A

region/VPC
If you move to a different Region or VPC, you have to recreate the security group.

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16
Q

Security groups live ____ the EC2, so if traffic is blocked the EC2 instance will not see it.

A

outside

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17
Q

Best practice is to maintain a separate security group for ____ access.

A

SSH

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18
Q

If your application is not accessible (time out), then it’s a ____ issue.
If your appication gives a “connection refused” error; then its an ____ issue or its not launched.

A

security group
application

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19
Q

All EC2 inbound traffic is ____ by default.
All EC2 outbound traffic is ____ by default.

A

blocked
allowed

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20
Q

Security groups referencing other security groups example.

A
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21
Q

Identify the port number used for each scenario below:

__ - SSH to log into a Linux instance
__ - FTP to upload files into a file share
__ - SFTP to upload files using SSH
__ - HTTP to access unsecured websites
__ - HTTPS to access secured websites
__ - RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) to log into a Windows instance

A

22
21
22
80
443
3389

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22
Q

Never enter your personal aws access id/keys (aws configure) into an EC2 instance.
Other users of your AWS account can retrieve those credentials.

A

Attach an IAM role to the EC2 instance instead.
Then you can run aws commands from the instance.

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23
Q

EC2 instance purchase options overview:

On-Demand - short workload, predictable pricing, pay by second
Reserved (1 & 3 years)
- Reserved Instances - long workloads
- Convertible Reserved Instances - long workloads with flexible instances
Savings Plans (1 & 3 years) - commitment to an amount of usage, long workload
Spot Instances - short workloads, cheap, can lose instances (less reliable)
Dedicated Hosts - book an entire physical server, control instance placement
Dedicated Instances - no other customers will share your hardware
Capacity Reservations - reserve capacity in a specific AZ for any duration

A
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24
Q

Which EC2 instance type is described below:

Pay for what you use:
- Linux or Windows - billing per second, after the first minute
- All other operating systems - billing per hour
Has the highest cost but no upfront payment
No long-term commitment

Recommended for short-term and un-interrupted workloads, where you can’t predict how the application will be behave

A

On-Demand

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25
Q

With EC2 Reserved instances, you reserve what specific instance attributes?

A

instance type, region, tenancy, OS

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26
Q

What reservation period durations are offered with EC2 Reserved instances?

A

1 & 3 year

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27
Q

What payment options are offered with EC2 Reserved instances?

A

No Upfront, Partial Upfront or All Upfront

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28
Q

What are the reserved instances’s scope offered with EC2 Reserved instances?

A

Regional or Zonal (reserve capacity in an AZ)

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29
Q

What EC2 instance type is recommended for steady-state usage applications, such as databases?

A

EC2 Reserved Instances

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30
Q

You can buy and sell EC2 Reserved instances in a ____.

A

marketplace

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31
Q

With a EC2 ____ instance, you can change the instance type, family, OS, scope and tenancy.

A

Convertible Reserved

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32
Q

Which EC2 instance type is described below:

Get a discount based on long-term usage
Commit to a certain type of usage ($10/hour for 1 or 3 years)

A

Savings Plans

33
Q

Usage beyond EC2 Savings Plans is billed at the ____ price.

34
Q

Which EC2 instance type is described below:

Locked to a specific instance family and AWS region (e.g., M5 in us-east-1)
Flexible across:
- instance size (e.g., m5.xlarge, m5.2xlarge)
- OS
- Tenancy (host, dedicated, default)

A

Savings Plans

35
Q

EC2 ____ instances are the most cost-efficient instances in AWS with the most aggressive discounts.

36
Q

With EC2 ____ instances, you can “lose” your instance at any point in time if your max price is less than the current price.

37
Q

Which EC2 instance type is most suitable for workloads that are resilient to failure such as :

  • batch jobs
  • data analysis
  • image processing
  • any distributed workloads
  • workloads with a flexible start and end time
38
Q

EC2 ____ instances are not suitable for critical jobs are databases.

39
Q

A EC2 ____ is a physical server with EC2 instance capacity fully dedicated to your use.

A

Dedicated Hosts

40
Q

Which EC2 purchase option allows you to address compliance requirements and use your existing server-bound software licenses (per-socket, per-core, per-VM software licenses)?

A

Dedicated Hosts

41
Q

EC2 ____ is the most expensive EC2 purchase option.

A

EC2 Dedicated Hosts

42
Q

What are the purchasing options for EC2 Dedicated Hosts?

A

On-demand - pay per second for active Dedicated Hosts
Reserved - 1 or 3 years (No Upfront, Partial Upfront, All Upfront)

43
Q

Which EC2 purchase option is best for software that has complicated licensing models (BYOL - Bring Your Own License)?

A

EC2 Dedicated Hosts

44
Q

Which EC2 purchase option is best for companies that have strong regulatory or compliance needs?

A

EC2 Dedicated Hosts

45
Q

Which EC2 purchase option is described below:

  • Instances run on hardware that’s dedicated to you
  • May share hardware with other instances in same account
  • No control over instance placement (can move hardware after Stop/Start)
A

EC2 Dedicated Instances

46
Q

Difference between Dedicated Hosts and Dedicated Instances

47
Q

EC2 ____ allow you to reserve On-Demand instance capacity in a specific AZ for any duration.

A

Capacity Reservations

48
Q

Which EC2 purchase option is described below:

  • You always have access to EC2 capacity when you need it
  • No time commitment, no billing discounts
  • Combine with Regional Reserved Instances and Savings Plans to benefit from billing discounts.
A

Capacity Reservations

49
Q

With EC2 ____ instances, you are charged at On-Demand rates whether you run instances or not.

A

Capacity Reservations

50
Q

Which EC2 purchase option is suitable for short-term, uninterrupted workloads that needs to be in a specific AZ?

A

Capacity Reservations

51
Q

Which EC2 purchasing option is best? Analogy

52
Q

Starting in Feb 2024, there is a charge for all Public IPv4 addresses created in your account.
This is because they are trying to push people to IPv6.

53
Q

EC2 Spot Instances can get a discount up to 90% compared to ____.

54
Q

With EC2 Spot instances, you define a ____ and get the instance with the current spot price < than the max.

A

max spot price

55
Q

If the current spot price > your max price, you can choose to stop or terminate your instance with a ____ minutes grace period.

56
Q

With a ____ strategy, you can block a EC2 Spot instance during a specified time frame (1 to 6 hours) without interruptions.
In rare situations, the instance may be reclaimed.
No longer offered by AWS.

A

Spot Block

57
Q

How to terminate Spot Instances?

58
Q

____ allow you to automatically request Spot Instances with the lowest price.

A

Spot Fleets

59
Q

A Spot Fleet is a set of Spot Instances + (optional) On-Demand Instances

60
Q

Spot Fleet stops launching instances when reaching ____ or ____.

A

capacity
max cost

61
Q

Strategies to allocate Spot instances with Spot Fleet:

  • lowestPrice: from the pool with the lowest price (cost optimization, short workload)
  • diversified: distributed across all pools (great for availability, long workloads)
  • capacityOptimized: pool with the optimal capacity for the number of instances
  • priceCapacityOptimized (recommended): pools with highest capacity available, then selects the pool with the lowest price (best choice for most workloads)
62
Q

If you need to have a fixed public IP for your instance, you need an ____.

A

Elastic IP

63
Q

An ____ is a public IPv4 IP that you own as long as you don’t delete it.

A

Elastic IP

64
Q

You can only have ____ Elastic IPs in your account, but you can ask AWS to increase that number.

65
Q

Try to avoid using Elastic IPs, as they often reflect poor architectural decisions.

Instead use a random public IP and register a DNS name to it
OR
Use a Load Balancer and don’t use a public IP

66
Q

By default, your EC2 machine comes with
- a private IP for the internal AWS network
- a public IP for the www

67
Q

EC2 ____ give you control over the EC2 placement strategy.

A

Placement Groups

68
Q

When you create a placement group, you specify one of the following strategies for the group:

Cluster - will cluster instances into a low-latency group in a single Availability Zone
Spread - spreads instances across underlying hardware (max 7 instances per group per AZ). For critical applications.
Partition - spreads instances across many different partitions (which rely on different sets of racks) within an AZ. Scales to 100s of EC2 instances per group. (Hadeep, Cassandra, Kafka)

69
Q

EC2 Placement Group - Cluster

All EC2 instances are in the same AZ.
Pros:
- great network ( 10Gbps bandwidth between instances with Enhanced Networking enabled - recommended)
Cons:
- if the AZ fails, all instances fail at the same time

Use Case:
- Big data job that needs to complete fast
- Application that needs extremely low latency and high network throughout

70
Q

EC2 Placement Group - Spreads

Each EC2 instance is located on different hardware.

Pros:
- can span across multiple Azs
- reduced risk of simultaneous failure
- EC2 instances are on different hardware

Cons:
- limited to 7 instances per AZ per placement group

Use Cases:
- application that needs to maximize high availability
- critical applications where each instance must be isolated from failure from each other

71
Q

EC2 Placement Group - Partitions

Each partition can have multiple EC2 instances.
The partitions can be spread across multiple AZs in the same region.
Up to 7 partitions per AZ.
The instances in a partition do not share racks with the instances in the other partitions.
A partition failure can affect many EC2, but won’t affect other partitions.
EC2 instances get access to the partition information as metadata.

Use Cases: big data such as HDFS, HBase, Cassandra, Kafka

72
Q

After you create your EC2 placement groups, you can then go to launch a new EC2 instance there will be an option to select the group.

73
Q

____ is a logical component in a VPC that represents a virtual network card.

A

Elastic Network Interfaces

74
Q

An Elastic Network Interface can have the following components:

  • primary private IPv4, one or more secondary IPv4
  • one Elastic IP (IPv4) per private IPv4
  • one public IPv4
  • one or more security groups
  • a MAC address
75
Q

You can create an Elastic Network Interface and attach it on the fly (move them) on EC2 instances for failover.

76
Q

Elastic Network Interfaces are bound to a specific ____.

A

availability zone

77
Q

With EC2 Hibernate, the in-memory (RAM) state is ____.

A

preserved

This is done by writing the RAM state to a file in the root EBS volume.

78
Q

With EC2 Hibernate, the root EBS volume must be ____.

79
Q

Use cases for EC2 Hibernate:

  • long-running processing
  • saving the RAM state
  • services that take time to initialize

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