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ec review Flashcards

1
Q

how much of our time is spent outdoors?

A

87%

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2
Q

what percent of US greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to the built environment?

A

34%

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3
Q

what percent of building energy consumption is due to HVAC systems?

A

40%

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4
Q

particle theory of light

A

we think light is a particle moving in space that stops when blocked by something

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5
Q

thomas young double slit light experiment (1807)

A

discovers light is not a particle, but some sort of wave

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6
Q

speed of light

A

E = mc^2 (einstein)
E = mc^2 = hf (plank’s constant)

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7
Q

visible light on the electromagnetic spectrum

A

400 to 700 nm

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8
Q

heat and light color emission

A

darker red is cooler, brighter pale yellow is hottest

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9
Q

psychometric chart axis

A

x: temperature
y: humidity
diagonal: energy
curved lines: relative humidity and dewpoint

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10
Q

dewpoint

A

point where condensation forms

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11
Q

glare

A

to shine with a bright harsh light

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12
Q

direct light

A

light coming from one source, casts sharp shadows, casts bright beams of light

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13
Q

diffuse light

A

casts less shadows than direct light, shadows are muddled, not good for sculptures

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14
Q

hue heat hypothesis

A

colors as warm of cool tones (warm is red, cool is blue)
matches natures colors (fire is red, water is blue)

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15
Q

circadian rythym

A

brain is programmed to wake up and go to sleep based on how we experience daylight
blue light wakes you up, oranges and reds put you to sleep

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16
Q

seasonal affect disorder

A

during winter people become depressed due to longer days and a disruption of their circadian rhythm

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17
Q

nearsightedness

A

linked to bright lights, little exposure to sunlight, working on stuff to close to your face

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18
Q

bad views

A

short visual range, nothing green in view, no view of the sky/weather

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19
Q

good view

A

long visual range, view of sky/weather, green in view

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20
Q

daylighting

A

controlled distribution of natural light, not just sunlight

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21
Q

recommendation for window to wall ratio

A

20-30%

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22
Q

electric grid is primarily fueled by

A

fossil fuels (about 71%)

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23
Q

side lighting

A

light coming from sides of building envelope as opposed to the roof

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24
Q

2.5H rule of thumb

A

2.5 feet high windows, assumes clear glazing, overcast skies, no major obstructions, total window width of about 1/2 perimeter wall

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25
Q

daylight factor

A

how much light is in the space compared to how much light is outside
DF = (Eindoors/Eoutdoors) * 100%

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26
Q

daylight factor percentages

A

<2%: gloomy
2-5%: good lighting
>5%: room gets hot and bright

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27
Q

calculating sidelight aperatures

A

A = ((DFtarget)(Afloor))/F
A: required area of aperture
DF target: target daylight
Afloor: illuminated floor area

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28
Q

basic window strategies

A

place high on wall, widely distributed, optimize overall area
place windows on more than one wall if possible
place windows adjacent to interior walls (creates less glare)

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29
Q

ceiling height

A

raising ceiling height makes the room brighter

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30
Q

skylight in front of north wall

A

more uniform lighting and less glare

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31
Q

light shelfs

A

most effective on south facade
must be longer on east and west facade
not effective on north facade

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32
Q

light louvre

A

like blinds, fins on window that bounce light and disperse it a little differently

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33
Q

splay window

A

setting a window deeper into structure to create depth, angle of wall opening to window, reduces contrast between windows and walls and increases daylight penetration, distribute light better and cause less glare than square openings

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34
Q

top lighting examples

A

clerestory, monitor, sawtooth, skylight

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35
Q

top lighting advantages

A

uniform illumination over great floor areas, receive more light

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36
Q

top lighting disadvantages

A

intensity of light is greater in summer than winter, difficult to shade

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37
Q

high performance glass production process

A

float glass manufacturers, glass fabricators, window/curtain wall manufacturers, installers (glazing contractors)

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38
Q

soda-lime glass components

A

silica sand, soda ash, limestone, dolomite, other material, recycled glass

39
Q

why is recycled glass used to make glass?

A

it helps melt the ingredients faster and uses less energy

40
Q

SHGC

A

solar heat gain coefficient

41
Q

VLT

A

visible light transmittance

42
Q

U factor / U value

A

how much heat gets through the system (nothing to do with light)
1/Ufactor = R value

43
Q

NFRC tags

A

comes on every window, shows U factor, vlt, condensation resistance, shgc, and air leakage

44
Q

conduction

A

flow of heat through a material by direct molecular conduct (direct contact)

45
Q

high R value

A

is better, less heat will transfer through and heat transfers through at a slower rate

46
Q

low U value

A

is better

47
Q

can you see visible light with a heat gun?

A

no bozo

48
Q

convection

A

transfer of heat by movement of molecules (liquid or gas)

49
Q

trombe wall

A

concrete wall with openings at bottom for cold air, glass wall in front heats up the concrete wall and pushes air around

50
Q

radiation

A

transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves through a gas or vacuum

51
Q

emissivity

A

ability of radiant heat to leave the surface of an object (most between 0.9 and 0.98)

52
Q

how to slow heat transfer

A

use more layers of material

53
Q

R + A + T = 100%

A

reflected, absorbed, transmitted

54
Q

laminated glass

A

has interlayer between that increases strength and keeps broken glass in one sheet

55
Q

low-e coating

A

glass coating that lowers light transmittance and lowers heat entering building (like thermos)
really thin & fragile, typically placed between glass panes to protect it

56
Q

surface treatments

A

sand blasting, acid etching, pattern glass, coating, mirroring, ceramic frit

57
Q

fritted glass

A

patterns in glass, brings in light and obscures view (beware of creating moire patterns)

58
Q

would low SHGC be better in Texas or Alaska?

A

Texas

59
Q

spectrally selective glazing

A

reflects heat, transmits visible light

60
Q

glass performance data

A

glass manufacturers stated values are center of glass (c-o-g values), not the same as system values

61
Q

electrochromic glass

A

glass change tint or opacity due to electric current

62
Q

does blue light or red light have more energy?

A

blue

63
Q

CCT

A

correlated color temperature
cooler CCT has higher temperature (blue is hotter)

64
Q

CRI value

A

color rendering index (0 to 100)
higher number = better color, incandescent is nearly perfect for getting the most colors
anything 80+ is good for showing colors in the space

65
Q

incandescence

A

emission of visible light by a body caused by its high temeprature

66
Q

flourescence

A

emission of radiation, especially of visible light, by a substance during exposure to external radiation, as light or x-rays

67
Q

solid-state

A

electronic devices, as trnasmitors or crystals, that can control current without the use of moving parts, heated filaments, or vacuum gaps

68
Q

bulb

A

the glass itself

69
Q

lamp

A

the whole light bulb that you change out when you replace a light

70
Q

housing

A

the place where you screw a light bulb (lamp) into

71
Q

luminaire

A

the whole unit including the bulb, lamp, and housing

72
Q

efficacy

A

lumens per watt, how efficient something is

73
Q

photometry

A

study of light distribution curves

74
Q

luminous flux

A

time rate of flow of light “the supply of light”

75
Q

luminous flux unit of measurment

A

lumen

76
Q

luminous intensity unit of measurement

A

candelas

77
Q

luminous intensity

A

amount of luminous flux in a given direction

78
Q

housing types

A

exposed lamp, recessed, semi-recessed, surface mounted, pendant mounted, track mounted, wall-washer, sconce

79
Q

candlepower (intensity) distribution curve

A

a curve, generally polar, representing the variation of luminous intensity of a lamp or luminaire through the light center

80
Q

footcandles

A

lux/10.76391
measure of light from 1 candle hitting a 1sqft surface 1 foot away = footcandle
measure of light from 1 candle hitting 1 sqmeter surface 1 meter away = lux

81
Q

candela

A

total volume of light coming out of the cone shape

82
Q

ambient light

A

reflects off surfaces, makes whole space glow, less contrast with more ambient light, used a lot in museums (except on sculptures), flat even light

83
Q

focal glow

A

spotlights things, good way to use less light to see more

84
Q

sparkle

A

makes space feel alive, adds to the highlights that contribute to feelings of well being

85
Q

brightness contrast

A

ratio of ambient light to focal glow

86
Q

perception

A

our eyes cannot take in all light at once, so they dim the lows and we adjust to see the brightest things

87
Q

electric lighting control strategies

A

zone programming by light requirements, zone fixtures by orientation and proximity to aperatures, dimming, occupancy sensors, time clock, individual controls

88
Q

energy efficiency

A

insulation, low-e windows, appropriate shading devices, lighting controls, daylighting, high efficiency HVAC, heat recovery

89
Q

shifting load

A

high mass building components, thermal ice storage, operate appliances during off-peak times, giving utility control over AC, building energy management system

90
Q

on-site energy production

A

PVs to generate energy when load is greatest

91
Q

paying for electricity

A

w = watt : unit of power
kW = 1000 watts (power demand)
h = hour
kWh = energy use
cost = kWh x $/kWh

92
Q

goniometer

A

helps measure light

93
Q

mariettas wall

A

tool that measures candle power curves

ec review (2 decks)

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