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AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate > EBS > Flashcards

EBS Flashcards

This deck aims to help retain concepts related to the AWS EBS service.

1
Q

What is direct (local) storage for an EC2 instance?

A

Instance store (storage that is directly connected to the EC2 host)

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2
Q

What file-level computer data storage server is connected to a computer network providing data access to a heterogeneous group of clients?

A

Network Attached Storage (NAS)

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2
Q

What are the main considerations when choosing between an instance store and an EBS volume for an EC2 instance?

A

EBS: Persistence (to avoid data loss), resilience (to avoid hardware failure), instance lifecycle isolation

Instance Store: Best performance, included in the price (makes sense to utilize them)

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2
Q

What are the main considerations to keep in mind when using an EC2 instance store?

A
  • Temporary (data can be lost, ephemeral0, ephemeral1, …)
  • Highest storage performance
  • Included in the instance price
  • Attached at launch only
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2
Q

Is the EC2 Instance Store a persistent storage solution?

A

No, the EC2 instance store is temporary (ephemeral) storage (EBS volumes are used as a persistent storage solution)

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3
Q

What type of storage is represented as a file share, a ready-made file system with a structure, mountable, and not bootable?

A

File Storage (e.g. EFS using NFS protocol, FSx for Windows File Server using SMB protocol)

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3
Q

What computer network provides consolidated, block-level data storage access?

A

Storage Area Network (SAN)

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4
Q

What type of storage is represented as a collection of addressable blocks, with no structure, mountable, bootable, with the file system created on top by the OS?

A

Block Storage (e.g. EBS using iSCSI protocol)

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5
Q

What is the preferred number of bytes the file system uses to read and write files?

A

IO Block (commonly 4096 bytes)

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5
Q

What abstract system enables customers to store their data in its native format, thus any type of data can be stored in it, has a flat structure, is not mountable, and is not bootable?

A

Object Storage (e.g. S3 using HTTPS protocol)

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6
Q

What measures the number of read and write operations a storage device can perform in one second?

A

Input/Output Operations Per Second (IOPS)

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7
Q

What scalable and high-performance storage service is designed to provide block storage capability for EC2 instances?

A

Elastic Block Storage (EBS)

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8
Q

What measures the amount of data transferred to and from the storage device per second?

A

Throughput (IO block * IOPS = throughput)

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9
Q

Can EBS volumes be encrypted?

A

Yes, using the KMS service

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10
Q

What is the resiliency posture of the EBS service?

A

EBS is an Availability Zone-resilient service

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11
Q

Once the EC2 instance is terminated, is the EBS volume also deleted?

A

No, EBS volumes are persistent and not linked to the instance lifecycle

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11
Q

How do you create a copy of an EBS volume in another region?

A

You can create EBS volume snapshots, which are stored in S3, a region-resilient service, and then snapshots can be copied to another region and used to create an EBS volume from the snapshot

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12
Q

Can an EC2 instance format an EBS volume with a file system?

A

Yes, once mounted, the EC2 instance OS can format the EBS volume with a file system such as Ext4 for Linux instances or NTFS for Windows instances

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13
Q

What EBS volume types are there?

A

SSD General Purpose (gp2, gp3), SSD Provisioned IOPS (io1, io2), HDD (st1, sc1)

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14
Q

Name the EBS volume type considering the following characteristics:
Durability: 99.8% - 99.9%
Volume Size: 1 GiB - 16 TiB
Max IOPS: 16,000 (16 KiB I/O)
Max Throughput: 250 MiB/s
Ratio: 3 IOPS per GB

A

gp2 (General Purpose)

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14
Q

What are the main considerations to take into account when choosing the gp2 EBS volume type?

A

Implements IO credit allocation system:
100 IO credits per second refill (100 IOPS)
Beyond 100 IO fill rate, 3 IO/sec per GB of volume size
Burst up to 3,000 IOPS by depleting the bucket

Ensure that credits are being refilled and not depleted

15
Q

What are the main considerations to take into account when choosing the gp3 EBS volume type?

A

Standard 3,000 IOPS and 125 MiB/s throughput
20% cheaper than gp2, with additional costs for higher IOPS and throughput

15
Q

Name the EBS volume type considering the following characteristics:
Durability: 99.8% - 99.9%
Volume Size: 1 GiB - 16 TiB
Max IOPS: 16,000 (64 KiB I/O)
Max Throughput: 1,000 MiB/s
Ratio: 500 IOPS per GB

A

gp3 (General Purpose)

16
Q

What are the use cases for the General Purpose (gp2, gp3) EBS volume types?

A

Transactional workloads
Single-instance databases
Low-latency interactive applications
Boot volumes
Development and test environments

17
Q

Name the EBS volume type considering the following characteristics:
Durability: 99.8% - 99.9%
Volume Size: 4 GiB - 16 TiB
Max IOPS: 64,000 (16 KiB I/O)
Max Throughput: 1,000 MiB/s
Ratio: 50 IOPS per GB

A

io1 (Provisioned IOPS)

18
Q

What are the main considerations to take into account when choosing the io1 EBS volume type?

A

Multi-attach and NVMe support
IOPS can be adjusted independently of the volume size
Consistent low latency and jitter
Performance cap of 260,000 IOPS and 7,500 MB/s per EC2 instance with 4 volumes

18
Q

What are the use cases for the Provisioned IOPS (io1) EBS volume type?

A

IO-intensive database workloads

19
Q

What are the main considerations to take into account when choosing the io2 EBS volume type?

A

Multi-attach and NVMe support
IOPS can be adjusted independently of the volume size
Consistent low latency and jitter
Performance cap of 260,000 IOPS and 7,500 MB/s per EC2 instance with 4 volumes

19
Q

Name the EBS volume type considering the following characteristics:
Durability: 99.999%
Volume Size: 4 GiB - 64 TiB
Max IOPS: 256,000 (16 KiB I/O)
Max Throughput: 4,000 MiB/s
Ratio: 500 IOPS per GB

A

io2 (Provisioned IOPS)

20
Q

What are the use cases for the Provisioned IOPS (io2) EBS volume type?

A

Sub-millisecond latency, sustained IOPS workloads

21
Q

Name the EBS volume type considering the following characteristics:
Durability: 99.8% - 99.9%
Volume Size: 125 GiB - 16 TiB
Max IOPS: 500 (1 MiB I/O)
Max Throughput: 500 MiB/s

A

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)

22
Q

What are the use cases for the Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) EBS volume type?

A

Frequently accessed, throughput-intensive sequential workloads (big data, data warehouses, log processing)

23
Q

What are the main considerations to take into account when choosing the st1 EBS volume type?

A

Uses HDD, significantly cheaper than SSD-based volume types

24
Q

Name the EBS volume type considering the following characteristics:
Durability: 99.8% - 99.9%
Volume Size: 125 GiB - 16 TiB
Max IOPS: 250 (1 MiB I/O)
Max Throughput: 250 MiB/s

A

Cold HDD (sc1)

25
Q

What are the use cases for the Cold HDD (sc1) EBS volume type?

A

Cold data, infrequently accessed workloads (when the lowest cost is a priority)

26
Q

What are the main considerations to take into account when choosing the sc1 EBS volume type?

A

Uses HDD, significantly cheaper than Throughput Optimized HDD (st1), but less performant

27
Q

Which EBS volume types are the most cost-effective solutions?

A

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1) and Cold HDD (sc1)

28
Q

Which EBS volume type would you consider for streaming, throughput-intensive applications?

A

Throughput Optimized HDD (st1)

29
Q

Which EBS volume type would you consider as a boot volume?

A

General Purpose (gp2, gp3) and Provisioned IOPS (io1, io2)

30
Q

Which EBS volume type would you consider for an application that requires up to 16,000 IOPS?

A

General Purpose (gp2, gp3)

31
Q

Which EBS volume type would you consider for an application that requires up to 64,000 IOPS?

A

Provisioned IOPS (io1, io2)

32
Q

Which EBS volume type would you consider for an application that requires up to 256,000 IOPS (per instance)?

A

RAID 0 with Provisioned IOPS (io1, io2) volumes

33
Q

Which EBS volume type would you consider for an application that requires more than 260,000 IOPS?

A

Instance store volume.

34
Q

Which EBS feature represents a point-in-time copy of data consumed by EBS volumes, enabling disaster recovery, data migration across regions and accounts, and backup compliance?

A

EBS Snapshot

35
Q

What are the main features of EBS Snapshots?

A

Incremental in nature, the first is a full backup, then subsequent backups are incremental (each increment is self-sufficient)
Can be used to migrate data across Availability Zones (AZs) and Regions
EBS volumes can be created and restored from a snapshot

36
Q

Which EBS Snapshot feature makes snapshots immediately restored (fully initialized) but has a limit of 50 snapshots per region?

A

Fast Snapshot Restore (FSR)

36
Q

What is the EBS Snapshot pricing model?

A

Billed per GB/month for used data (not allocated)

37
Q

How does the KMS service perform encryption on an EBS volume?

A

KMS AWS-managed key (default) or customer-managed key can be used:

  1. The encrypted data encryption key (DEK) is stored on the EBS volume
  2. The decrypted data encryption key (DEK) is stored in EC2 host memory
  3. If EC2 is moved to another host, the decrypted DEK is discarded (EC2 will require KMS to decrypt the DEK stored on the EBS volume and store the decrypted DEK in host memory)
  4. An EC2 host performs encryption and decryption operations on data, acting as a layer between the EBS volume and the EC2 instance, this ensures that data is encrypted at rest and only exists in unencrypted form in the EC2 host’s memory

The same DEK creates encrypted snapshots of encrypted EBS volumes
The same DEK key encrypts EBS volumes created from encrypted snapshots
KMS is used to generate a unique DEK per volume

Each EBS volume (created from scratch) uses one unique DEK (snapshots created from that volume and volumes created from the snapshots all use the same DEK)

38
Q

Can you change an encrypted EBS volume to be unencrypted?

A

No, you cannot change the volume to be unencrypted, but you can clone the data to an unencrypted volume

39
Q

Is the operating system of an EC2 instance aware of EBS volume encryption?

A

The instance OS is unaware of encryption; encryption happens between the host (where the EC2 instance resides) and the EBS volume

AWS Certified Solution Architect Associate (25 decks)

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