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EBP > EBP Exam 1 > Flashcards

EBP Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Research

A

a systematic study/inquiry that validates and refines existing knowledge and develops new knowledge

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2
Q

Define nursing research

A

a scientific process that validates and refines existing knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and indirectly influences nursing practice

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3
Q

Define evidence based practice

A

combination of the best research evidence w/ clinical expertise and patients circumstances and values to produce quality health outcomes

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4
Q

EBP Model (3 components of EBP)

A
  1. Best research evidence
  2. Clinical expertise
  3. Patients’ circumstances and values
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5
Q

Nursing research began when and with whom?

A

Nursing research began in the 19th century with Florence nightingale

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6
Q

Nursing research 21st century timeline

A

2000 - Healthy people 2010
2000 - Biological research for nursing
2002 - Joint commission revised polices to support evidence based care
2004 - worldviews on evidence based nursing
2010 - healthy people 2020
2016 - NINR (national institute of nursing research) mission statement and strategic plan updated
2017 - AACN leading initiatives of research

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7
Q

Name the ways of acquiring nursing knowledge

A

Tradition
Authority
Borrowing
Trial and error
Personal experience
Role modelling
intuition
reasoning

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8
Q

Inductive vs Deductive reasoning

A

Inductive reasoning - moves from a specific observation to a general principle (EX: my patient’s resp. rate decreased when I administered the opiod, so all opiods will always cause resp. depression)

Deductive reasoning - moves from a general principle to a specific observation (EX: Opiods cause resp. depression, so my patient will suffer resp. depression if I administer the opiod ordered)

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9
Q

Why is research important for EBP? (DII)

A

Develops empirical knowledge
Identifies best practices that are based on clinical practices
Improves outcomes (for PT, family, nurse, etc.)

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10
Q

The focus of healthcare research and funding has expanded from the treatment of illness to include what?

A

health promotion and illness prevention

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11
Q

What is QSEN?

A

(The Quality and Safety Education for Nurses)
An initiative focused on developing the requisite knowledge, skills, and attitude (KSA) statements for each of the competencies for prelicensure and graduate education

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12
Q

Describe Quantitative research

A

Positivism (one answer or absolute)
Numbers
Large sample
survey
big data
Closed questions
Deductive
Test theory

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13
Q

Describe Qualitative research

A

Naturalist (many answers or truths)
Words/feelings
Small sample
In-depth analysis
Open ended questions
Inductive
Develop theory

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14
Q

4 Types of Quantitative research and what they are

A

Descriptive research: explores (measures) what is

Correlational research: examines the relationship between two or more variables; determines strength and type of relationship (NO cause and effect)

Quasi-experimental research: lack of control; examines cause and effect relationship

experimental research: controlled manipulation of at least 1 independent variable; uses experimental AND control group

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15
Q

5 types of Qualitative research and what they are

A

Phenomenological research: inductive research approach used to describe an experience as it is lived by an individual (i.e. the experience of chronic pain)

Grounded theory research: inductive research technique used to formulate, text, and refine a theory about a particular phenomenon

Ethnographic research: developed by the discipline of anthropology for investigating cultures through an in-depth study of the membranes of the culture

Exploratory - descriptive research: conducted to address an issue/problem in need of a solution and/or understanding

Historical research: a narrative description or analysis of events that occurred in the remote or recent past

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16
Q

What is a mixed methods study?

A

a study that combines quantitative and qualitative research methods

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17
Q

What is outcomes research?

A

research that focuses on examining the results of care and determining the changes in health status for the patient and family

18
Q

Discuss your role in research as a professional nurse

A

Identify research problems
Assist with data collection
Critique research studies
Summarize research findings for use in practice

19
Q

Describe the purposes of research in implementing an evidence-based nursing practice

A

Description
explanation
prediction
control

20
Q

Define basic research

A

referred to as pure research or even bench research

21
Q

Define applied research

A

called practical research, which includes scientific investigations conducted to generate knowledge that will directly influence or improve clinical practice

22
Q

Define rigor

A

the striving for excellence in research

23
Q

Define control

A

involves imposing of rules by researchers to decrease possibility of error, thereby increasing the probability that the study’s findings are an accurate reflection of reality

24
Q

Identify the steps of the qualitative research process

A
  1. Identify a research problem
  2. Formulate the research purpose
  3. Identify the study methodology
  4. Review the literature
  5. Describe the theoretical framework
  6. State the research objectives, questions, hypotheses, and procedures
  7. Present results
  8. Compare data findings
25
Q

Define sampling

A

selection of participants/subjects

26
Q

Rigor is obtained in qualitative research by?

A
  • Openess
  • Scrupulous adherence to a philosophical perspective
  • Thoroughness in collecting data
  • Consideration of all data in subjective theory development phase
27
Q

Tuskege Syphillis experiment

A

(1932-1972)
Conducted to determine the natural course of syphilis in adult black men. The study continued into the 1970s, well after an effective treatment for syphilis had been developed.

28
Q

Willowbrook study

A

(1932-1972)
conducted from the mid 1950s-1970s at Willowbrook institution for the Mentally Retarded in NY and involved deliberately infecting children with hepatitis virus

29
Q

Jewish chronic disease hospital study

A

(1960s)
Conducted on older adults w/ dementia.
“Consenting” participants were injected w/ live cancer cells and examined for response to the cells. Patients were unaware they were being injected with cancerous cells.

30
Q

5 human rights

A

Right to self-determination

Right to privacy

Right to anonymity and confidentiality

Right to protection from discomfort and harm

Right to fair selection and treatment

31
Q

Describe the principle of respect for persons

A

(based in autonomy)
No coercion
Full disclosure, no deception
Voluntary consent
Persons with diminished autonomy have special protections

32
Q

Describe the principle of beneficence

A

(based in promoting good)
Freedom from harm
Freedom from exploitation
Benefit-risk ratios

33
Q

Describe the principle of justice

A

(based in fairness)
Fair treatment
Right to privacy

34
Q

Ethical codes and regulations created between 1933-1996

A

1933-45: Nazi medical experiment
Experiments violated numerous rights of research subjects, i.e. unjust selection of subjects, involuntary participation, and permanent damage including death

1949: Nuremberg code
Consent, process, protection of subjects from harm, balance of benefits and risks in a study

1964: Declaration of Helsinki
The differentiation of therapeutic research from non-therapeutic research

1973: Department of health, education, and welfare regulation (DHEW)
Regulations set rules for oversight of human subject research which helped stop the Tuskegee Syphilis study

1979: Belmont report
Identified ethical principles to guid selecting subjects, informing them of the risks and benefits of a study and documenting their consent

1996: HIPPA
Privacy law that focuses on protecting electronic storage and transfer of patient info generated through clinical care

35
Q

Identify the essential elements of the informed consent process in research

A

DISCLOSURE - essential info for consent

COMPREHENSION - of consent info

COMPETENCE - to give informed consent
IMPORTANT: children are considered to have “diminished autonomy” (diminished autonomy= those who have impaired decision making due to meds, mental illness, or mental capacity); especially special needs children; you must gain ASSENT (assent means that the child agrees to the study AND has the parent’s permission)

VOLUNTARY AGREEMENT - (consent)

36
Q

Describe the levels of review that an institutional review board (IRB) may use in reviewing a study

A

EXEMPT from review/procedure: no risk

EXPEDITED review procedure: minimal risk
(i.e. small amounts of blood collected, biological specimens collected through noninvasive means, noninvasive imaging, interview)

FULL/COMPLETE institutional review procedure: invasive/higher than minimal risk (also used when reviewing studies using vulnerable populations)

37
Q

Describe the current issues in ethical research

A

GENOMICS - promising area of science related to human disease and healing
(i.e. Henrietta Lacks who was diagnosed w/ cervical cancer)

USE OF ANIMALS IN STUDIES

RESEARCH MISCONDUCT - serous ethical problem that includes plagiarism, falsification, and fabrication of data, and duplicate publication

38
Q

Define research problem

A

An area of concern in which there’s a gap in the knowledge needed for nursing practice.

39
Q

Define research purpose

A

a clear concise statement of the specific goal/focus of a study

40
Q

Define extraneous variables

A

A variable that isn’t being studied that can affect the outcome of your study

41
Q

If not recognized until the study is in process or cannot be controlled its called a _________ variable

A

confounding

42
Q

Define Description, explanation, prediction, and control

A

Description - involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and (sometimes) the relationships among them

Explanation - clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies possible reasons why certain events occur

Prediction - estimating the probability of a specific outcome in a given situation

Control - ability to write a “prescription” to produce the desired results; using the best research evidence nurses could prescribe specific interventions to meet the needs of patients

EBP (1 decks)

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