EBP Flashcards
What is the Nuremberg code?
a ten point statement delimiting permissible medical experimentation on human subjects.
What is the Helsinki declaration?
a set of ethical guidelines for medical research that involves human subjects, such as identifiable human data or material
What is the belmont report?
ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research
What are elements of the belmont report?
beneficence, respect, and justice
What was the Tuskegee Syphilis study?
many black people were left untreated for syphilis to analyze how it affected them even though there was a cure.
What is the IRB?
a group that reviews research involving human subjects to ensure that the research is ethical and safe
What is informed consent?
it is an educational process that takes place between the investigator and the prospective subject
Can nurses obtain informed consent?
nurses can’t get informed consent b/c it is out of their scope of practice
What is HIPPA?
protects individuals’ private health info
What are the 5 human rights?
-Self determination
-Privacy
-Anonymity and confidentiality
-Fair treatment
-Protection from discomfort or harm
What are nursing research committees for?
Foster clinically relevant research and encourage research involvement of nurses
What is consent?
legally effective agreement of the subject or the subject’s legally authorized representative based on info that is given to the subject
What is assent?
child’s affirmative agreement to participate in research
What is permission?
agreement of parents to the participation of their child ward
What is EBP?
a problem-solving approach to the delivery of health care that integrates best evidence from studies and patient care that with clinician expertise and patient preferences and values”
Why is EBP important?
-optimal outcomes
-reductions in unnecessary variations of care
-improved patient satisfaction
What is CURN?
Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) objective was to increase the use of research findings into daily medical practices
What are barriers to EBP?
Lack of knowledge and skills
Limited access to resources
Time constraints
Organizational culture
Resistance to change
Inadequate support
What are the advantages of a quantitative study?
-quick and easy
-types of results help determine statistical test
-easily replicated
What are the advantages of qualitative research?
-rich, in-depth
-explore content
-great exploratory purposes
-predictive element for continuous data
What are the disadvantages of quantitative?
-doesn’t tell the full story
-info can be inconclusive
-limited because it looks over broader themes and relationships
What are the disadvantages of qualitative?
-not statistically represented form of data collection
-relies on experiences
-can require multiple data sessions which lead to misleading conclusions
What is the methodology for each?
-descriptive
-correlational
-quasi-experimental
-experimental
-objective
-logical
-numbers
What is the methodology for qualitative?
-phenomenological
-grounded theory
-exploratory
-historical
-subjective
-holistic
-words
What is meta-analysis?
pooling of statistical results from multiple studies
What is meta-synthesis?
systemic pooling of qualitative results
What is systemic review?
use of systemic method to identify, appraise, and synthesize data to address a practice problem
What is literature review?
a part of the EBP process as evidence needs to identified and leveled
How to conduct literature review on a quantitative study?
in advance
How to conduct qualitative studies?
some where it is done before & some done after data collection as part of analysis.
What is a primary resource?
the person writing the info you are reading did the study
What is a secondary resource?
paraphrasing the work/thoughts/ideas of researchers and theories
What does PICO stand for?
p-population
i-intervention
c-comparisons of the intervention
o-outcomes needed for practice and ways to measure the outcomes in your practice
What is an operational definition?
it creates parameters for what you are studying ex. points on a thermometer for temp
What is a conceptual definition?
a description of what a concept means within the context of a study
What is orienting definition?
the act of providing initial background information or context at the beginning of a study
What is a continuous variable?
a number than is changing over time
ex. temp, mass, height
what is a discrete variable?
non-changeable ex. score given as a judge, dice roll
What is a categorical variable?
separating data in similar attributes ex. condos, houses, apartments
What is a dichotomous variable?
not restricted to whole numbers ex. yes/no, M/F, etc.
What is an active variable?
a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher ex. teaching method
What is an attribute variable?
not changeable like race, gender, psychological condition
What is an independent variable?
intervention and influence
What is the dependent variable?
outcome that depends on the intervention
What is an extraneous variable?
any factor outside of the study’s primary focus that could potentially influence the results of a research study
What are demographic variables?
characteristics of a population that are used to describe its composition, such as age, gender, race, ethnicity, income
the only variable you will see in qualitative
What is the mean?
The mean is the sum of the scores divided by the number of scores being summed.
What is the median?
The median is the midpoint or the score at the exact center of the ungrouped frequency distribution—the 50th percentile.
What is the mode?
The mode is the numerical value or score that occurs with greatest frequency.
What is a confidence interval?
range of values that is derived from sample data that is likely to contain the true population parameter with a specific level of confidence
What is the standard deviation?
measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values. It quantifies how spread out the numbers are from the average
What is the relationship of standard deviation and confidence?
the lower the standard deviation the more confident you can be with your results
What is considered an extreme score?
higher or lower than 95% of the population
What is a nominal measure?
level categorizes data without any order
ex. apples, bananas, oranges
What is ordinal level?
ranking but doesn’t indicate the differences between levels
ex. Customer satisfaction ratings (e.g., very dissatisfied, dissatisfied, neutral, satisfied, very satisfied).
What is interval level?
ordered data with meaningful differences between values, but there is no 0 point ex. temp in celsius (0 is still a temp)
What is ratio level?
This level has all the properties of interval data, but it also has a true zero point, allowing for meaningful ratios between values.
Example: Height (in centimeters).
What is a p-value?
the probability of something to occur
What is a t-test?
The t-test- compare means of two groups - interval level data for the dependent variable (means)
What is ANOVA?
F test for the difference in the means of more than 2 groups- interval level dependent data
What is Chi-square?
Nominal level data (ratio of expected and observed)
What is regression?
used when one wishes to predict the value of one variable based on the value of one or more other variables
ex. one might wish to predict the possibility of passing the credentialing examination based on grade point average (GPA) from a graduate program.
