Ebc

Question 1

What are foreground questions?

Answer 1

Clinical- use science lit

PICO

Question 2

Define PICO

Answer 2

Patient or problem
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome

Question 3

What’s clinical research?

Answer 3

Finding direct solutions to apply w patients

Question 4

What is basic research?

Answer 4

Proves theory or explain science questions

Question 5

A case study is?

Answer 5

A report of the presentation, treatment, and outcome of a patient or group of patients

• typically something rAre
• testing new drugs/ diseases

Question 6

Survey

Answer 6

Correlation vs causation
Inexpensive
Gathers data about disease/ healthcare trends
Captures what ppl think and feel
Precursor for planning and designing a study

Question 7

Non randomized/ observational studies

Answer 7

Case control/cohort studies 
Observation of patients without control 
Outcomes are observed and related to other exposures
Reveiwing records
Retro or prospective

Question 8

Case study

Answer 8

Retrospect design
Starts w patients who have disease
Matches w control ie. W/o disease
Ask both groups about exposure using surveys and file reviews

Question 9

Case study are great for?

Answer 9

Rare conditions
Ethically difficult studies
Limited resources

Question 10

Cohort study

Answer 10

Retro or prospective

Long term studies w big groups

Question 11

Cohort studies are great when?

Answer 11

Good records are available/ kept
Exposure is rare but high in exposed ppl
Follow up is easy when cohort is stable
Retro is cheaper

Question 12

Random control trial

Answer 12

Ppl are randomly allocated to receive or not receive an experimental diagnosis, therapy…..etc
Best to shake CAUSATION

Question 13

What are the advantages of RTC?

Answer 13

Less chance of bias
Equalized placebo effect
Equal distribution of prognostic factors
EXSPENSIVE

Question 14

Systematic review and meta

Answer 14

Summary of all clinical trials using rigorous selective articles

Meta- stats combines results of included trials and articles

Question 15

What are the advantages of systematic reveiw and metA

Answer 15

A lot of studies in one paper
Combined stats have greater weight
Strict selection of articles

Question 16

Weaknesses of systematic review and meta

Answer 16

Publication bias
Strict criteria
Only as strong as included studies

Question 17

Slippery slope

Answer 17

A=Z
Linking 2 things together which may not be related or ever happen
Vote for Hillary ww3

Question 18

Hasty generalization

Answer 18

Rushing to conclusions

Too little evidence

Question 19

Post hoc propter hoc

Answer 19

A causes B

The sun rises when I brush my teeth = the sunrises because I brush my teeth

Question 20

Genetic fallacy

Answer 20

Person or idea deemed worthy based on impression or nature

Blacks like rap bad because black

Question 21

Begging question

Answer 21

Conclusion proven within claim

Vaccine are dangerous ban them all

Question 22

Circular argument

Answer 22

Restating argument

Question 23

Either or

Answer 23

Reducing to only 2 choices

Ban cars or die

Question 24

Ad hominem

Answer 24

Attacking a person instead of argument

Question 25

What are background questions?

Answer 25

About disorders, syndromes or condition Look in text book P1- question..what is P2- the condition

Question 26

Ad populum

Answer 26

Emotional instead of issue

Question 27

Red herring

Answer 27

Diversion of key issues

Question 28

Straw man

Answer 28

Over simplifying opponents view | If you don't support vaccines you hate all babies

Question 29

Moral equivalence

Answer 29

Minor misdeeds into major atrocities

Question 30

Critical appraisal

Answer 30

Balanced assessment of benefits/ flaws of study Assesses research process and results Quality and quantity

Question 31

P values

Answer 31

Probability the result is due to chance | P=.05 = 5% chance of Chance

Question 32

Confidence intervals

Answer 32

Range of most likely values that contain true results Mean = best guess for truth

Question 33

Forest plots components

Answer 33

Square= study. Bigger more weight Horizontal line= CI Diamond= over all estimate from meta analysis and its CI Center of diamond= pooled point estimate Horizontal tips= CI

Question 34

Sensitivity

Answer 34

Probability of a positive test with ppl with the disease PID ++ over bottom total

Question 35

Specificity

Answer 35

Negative in some one without the disease NID -- over bottom total

Question 36

Ppv

Answer 36

Probability of a positive w someone who really has the disease ++ over total to right

Question 37

Nvp

Answer 37

Negative test w no disease | -- over total to right

Question 38

PLR

Answer 38

++ over bottom positive total ------------------------------- +- over negative total 5x more likely in patients w than without

Question 39

NLR

Answer 39

- + over + total - --------------- - - over negative total

Question 40

Studies of harm

Answer 40

Studies that investigate long term exposures | Risk ratios odds ratios harm ratios

Question 41

Null hypothesis

Answer 41

No difference in groups

Question 42

Mann- Whitney test

Answer 42

Difference btw 2 UNPAIRED groups | Palmer vs life

Question 43

Wilcoton test

Answer 43

PAIRED groups | Students before students after

Question 44

A nova

Answer 44

Analysis of variances of 3 or more groups

Question 45

Kruskal wallis

Answer 45

3 or more UNMATCHED

Question 46

Friedman test

Answer 46

3 or more matched