Eaws Flashcards
4 methods to control bleeding
Direct pressure, elevation, pressure points and tourniquet
Three objectives of first aid
Prevent further injury, infection, and loss of life
What is a pressure point
Point on body where a main artery lies near skin surface and over a bone
Pressure point number and location
11; temple, jaw, neck, collar bone, inner upper arm, inner elbow, wrist, upper thigh, groin, knee, ankle
Burn classes
Three
First degree burn
Produces redness, warmth and mild pain
Second degree
Red, blistered skin and severe pain
Third degree
Destroys tissue, skin and bone. Nerve endings destroyed
Fracture types
Closed/simple or open/compound.
Closed is broken without a break in skin, open has bone protrusion
Electric shock
Injuries range from severe trauma with cardiac arrest to no injury
Obstructed airways
Can’t talk, pointing to throat, blue skin
Heat exhaustion
Serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart and lungs. Skin is cool, moist and clammy. Victim is sweating profusely
Heat stroke
Breakdown of sweating mechanism of body. Victim unable to eliminate excessive body heat build up. Dry skin. Weak, rapid pulse
Hypothermia
General cooling of whole body caused by exposure to low or falling temperature, snow or ice. Victim looks dead. Slow and shallow breathing. Faint pulse.
Superficial frostbite
Ice crystals forming in upper skin layers after exposure to a temp of 32 degrees or lower
Deep frostbite
Ice crystals forming in deeper tissues after exposure to 32 or lower
What is shock
Body suffers from insufficient blood flow throughout body as result of injury or illness. 5 types of shock; septic, anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic.
Septic shock
Results from bacteria multiplying in blood and releasing toxins. Common causes are pneumonia, ruptured appendix and meningitis
Anaphylactic shock
Hypersensitivity or allergic reaction. Stings or foods
Cardiogenic shock
Occurs when heart is damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to body. End result of heart attack
Hypovolemic shock
Severe blood and fluid loss, such as from traumatic bodily injury, which makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to body
Neurogenic shock
Caused by spinal cord injury, result of traumatic accident
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; combo of rescue breathing and chest compressions delivered to victims thought to be in cardiac arrest
Point of CPR
It can support a small amount of blood flow to the heart and brain to buy time until normal heart function is restored
CPR steps
C/A/B. recognition of the importance chest compressions has on successful victim resuscitation.
Why did they change it from abc to cab
Recognition of the importance cheat compressions have on successful victim resuscitation
Survival chain
Activation of CPR Cheat compressions AED Rapid defibrillator Effective life support Post-cardiac arrest care
ORM
Operational risk management ; decision making process used to identify and manage hazards that endanger naval resources. 5 step process
ORM steps
Identify hazards Asses hazards: degree of risk Make risk decisions Implement controls Supervise: follow up evals
Mishap classes
Three different classes identified by naval safety program
Class A Mishap
Resulting total cost is 2 million or fatality/disability
Class B mishap
500,000 to 2 million, permanent partial disability or three or more personnel are inpatient hospitalized
Class C
Total cost 50,000 - 500,000; any nonfatal injury that causes loss of work . Reporting is 5 or more days lost
PPE program
Last line of defense in event of equipment breakdown, failure or misuse. Cranial, eye protection, hearing protection, impact protection , gloves and foot protection
NBC environment
Deliberate or accidental employment or threat of weapons attack with other CBR materials
Chemical warfare
Employment of chemical agents to kill/injure/incapacitate personnel.
Nerve, blister, blood and choking
Nerve agents
Liquid agents that disrupt nerve impulses to body while damaging body functions. Sarin, Tabun, Soman and VX
Blister agents
Liquid or solid agents that can cause inflammation, blisters and destruction of tissues which results in temp blindness or death. Distilled mustard, lewisite
Blood agents
Gaseous casualty agents that attack the enzymes carrying oxygen in the blood stream. Rapid breathing or choking may occur due to lack of oxygen in the blood. Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, and Arsine
Choking agents
Gaseous or liquid with initial symptoms that include tears, dry throat, nausea, vomiting and headache. The lungs can be filled with fluid, feels like drowning. Rapid and shallow breathing.
M9 chemical agent detector paper
Detects presence of liquid chemical agents by turning red. Doesn’t detect chemical agent vapors
Atropine 2 PAM chloride auto injector
Specific therapy for nerve agent casualties, issued for intramuscular injection, self aid or first aid
Biological warfare
Use of agents to cause disease, sickness, or death to reduce the effectiveness of opposing combatant forces is. Pathogens and Toxins
Pathogens
Bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, Protozoa and prions
Toxins
Major groupings : mycotoxins (fungi), bacterial toxins, algal toxins, animal venoms
Primary groupings: physiological effects are neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins and dermatoxins
IPE for chemical/biological warfare
Individual protective equipment. Most important decision in risk management for chemical agents.
C2 canister filter
Gloves and liners
Over boots
Radiological warfare
Nuclear explosion: High altitude Air burst Surface burst Shallow underwater Deep underwater
High altitude air burst
Excess of 100,000 feet
Air burst
Fireball doesn’t reach the surface. Vacuum created collects debris caused by severe blast damage resulting in radiation fallout
Surface burst
Worst fallout due to fireball touching the surface which results in massive radioactive fallout
Shallow underwater burst
Small fireball and blast wave however, it causes large waves and water contamination
Deep underwater burst
Is similar to the shallow underwater burst but with less visual effect and yields greater contaminated water
Shipboard shielding stations
Ready shelter and deep shelter
Ready shelter
Just inside the weather envelope , with access to deep shelter. Provide minimum shielding from nuclear radiation and allow the crew to remain close to battle stations
Deep shelter stations
Low in ship and near the centerline. Provide max shielding from nuc radiation, requiring far removed from battle stations
DT 60 dosimeter
Non self reading high range casualty dosimeter, which has to be placed in a special radical computer indicator to determine the total amount of gamma radiation to which the wearer is exposed in the 0-600 roentgens
MOPP
Mission oriented protective posture; coordinate use of systems and equipment in chem or biological environment. Full protection isn’t always required. Mopp levels 0-4
Mopp 0
Issue IPE, within five min
Mopp 1
Don protective equip, m9 tape
Afloat: mask,gloves ready
Mopp 2
Over boots
Afloat: mask carried
Mopp 3
Fill canteens, activate stations
Afloat: install filters, over boots
Mopp 4
Gloves with liners, untie bow in cord, loop between legs and secure to web belt
Afloat: don mask, gloves, washdown
Primary duty of fire fighting
Saving lives
Secondary responsibility of firefighting
Extinguish fires and limit damage
Fire triangle
Replaced by fire tetrahedron;
Triangle was oxygen, heat and fuel.
4th element is chemical chain reaction
Fire classes
ABCD
Class alpha fire
Occur in combustible materials that produce an ash such as burning wood, cloth or paper. Effective extinguishing agents are water or Aquous film forming foam
Class bravo fire
Occur with flammable liquid substances such as gasoline, jet fuels and other petroleum based products. Effective extinguishing agents are AFFF, halon 1211, purple k powder, and carbon dioxide
Class Charlie fire
Energized electrical fires that are attacked by using non-conductive agents. Effective agents for energized are co2, halon, pkp and h2o in fig patterns with a minimum distance of 4 feet. If de-energized, treat as a,b or d fire
Class delta fire
Combustible metals such as magnesium or titanium. Effective agents are large qualities of H2O in fog. Be careful of small explosions
AFFF
Aqueous film forming foam; non corrosive and unlimited shelf life
Water extinguishing agent
Not suitable to be used alone on large aircraft fuel fires. It has the ability to cool and provide heat shield for personnel. Effective for cooling ordnance, batteries and class a fires
Halon
Class B and C** primary. Effective on class A. Electrically nonconductive gas that leaves residue to clean up. Inhibits chemical chain reaction of combustion process
Carbon dioxide
15 pound portable and 50 pound wheeled. Class B and C** Suppresses fire by displacement of oxygen to below level required to support combustion
Potassium bicarbonate (pkp)
Class B** The dry chemical extinguishes the flame by breaking combustion chain. No cooling capabilities. Could reignite.
Required flight line pipe
Steel toed shoes, cranial, goggles and leather gloves
Airfield components
Runways Threshold markings ( parallel stripes 12ft by 150 ft long to designate landing area) Overrun area (deceleration area) Emergency shore based recovery equip ( landing in shortest distance possible) Parking apron Compass rose ( magnetically quiet area) Runway numbering (mag heading to nearest 10 degrees. 250 deg = runway 25) Rotating beacon ( airport below VFR conditions, beacon is used to identify location. Clockwise 2white and 1green flashing 12-15 times per min)
Flight deck safety
Oil, grease and fuel slip hazards.
Jet intakes, exhaust, rotor and prop arcs
Flight deck extra ppe
Jersey
Jersey colors
Yellow is officer (handling, flight deck) White is safety Brown is plane captain Blue is aircraft handling and chock crew Red is crash crew Purple is fuel
Runways
Take off and landing
Threshold markings
Designate the landing area
Overrun area
Deceleration area for abort or overshooting
Ma-1 series overrun barrier
Stop tricycle landing gear equipped aircraft not equipped with tail hooks. Always in stby status
Compass rose
Calibration pad. Magnetically quiet area
Runway numbering system
Numbered in relation to mag heading rounded off to nearest 10 degrees. 250=25. If 2, then left and right added. 3 incorporates center
Airfield rotating beacon
When airport below VFR conditions, the beacon is used to identify its location. Clockwise at constant speed. 2 white lights and one green flashing 12to 15 times per min
SE rules
Vehicles should never pass under any part of a parked aircraft and all vehicles should be driven or parked adjacent to AC to prevent collision. If motor running the SE must be manned.
Aviation danger areas
Intakes, exhaust, flight controls, compressed gases, cryogenics, explosives, haz mat, eye, hearing, etc
Ground
Connector, cable, clip and approved static ground. It discharges the static electricity. Ground to aircraft.
Windshield static grounding
During flight a high voltage(100000 volts) static electrical discharge may build up and be stored in windshield.
Tie down categories
Up to 45= normal 9 chains
46-60= moderate. 14 chains
Above 60= heavy 20 chains
Aircraft critical walkways that cannot be walked on
NO STEP
If maint work needed, maint stand required
Towing speed
5mph or slowest walker
Moving (tow) crew
6-10 ppl
Director, brake rider, chock walkers, safety observers and driver
Threatcon scale
Determines the condition for defense of US homeland
Defcon scale
Determines the posture of the military to prepare for the likelihood of war
Force protection conditions (fpcons)
Series of measures designed to increase the level of a units defense against terrorist attacks. They are not aimed at specific threats but selected based on a combo of factors. Ex: threat level, capability to penetrate existing security systems, risk of attack, assets ability to execute its mission even if attacked
Who sets the fpcon level
Commanders at any level
Fpcon normal
General global threat of terrorist activity exists and warrants a routine security posture
Fpcon alpha
Increased general threat of terrorist, nature of extent unpredictable.
Fpcon bravo
Increased or more predictable terrorist threat exists.
Fpcon Charlie
Terrorist attack is likely (incident or intelligence). Prolonged implementation may create hardships
Fpcon delta
Immediate area where terrorist attack has occurred or imminent.
Defense readiness condition (defcon)
Alert posture used by the armed forces. Developed by the joint chiefs of staff, unified and combatant commands. 5 stages of alert
Defcon conditions
5: normal peace time
4: normal, increased intel and strengthened security measures
3: increase in force readiness
2: further increase in readiness
1: max force readiness
NAMP
Naval aviation maintenance program. 4790
Objective of namp
Achieve and continually improve aviation material readiness and safety standards established by CNO with coordination from CMC with optimum use of manpower, material. Facilities and funds. Standardize operations. CNO is in charge of NAMP.
Maintenance officer- lcdr kitzmiller
Head of maint department. Responsible to the CO for all accomplishments of the departments mission
Aircraft maintenance officer
Assistant head. Coordinates TAD, inspects spaces, SE training and licensing and manpower management
Maintenance/material control officer
Overall production and material support of the department. Monitors workload and prepares/publishes MMP
Maintenance master chief
Senior enlisted advisor for maintenance. Reports to the MO and advises the CO in all matters affecting aircraft operations, maintenance and personnel. Directs all on a day to day basis
Quality assurance officer
Ensure personnel receive continuous training in inspection, testing, and quality control methods.
Material control officer
Handling of finances, material requisition, etc
Three level maint
O, I And D
O level maintenance
Day to day basis in support of own operations. Goal is to maintain full mission capable status
I level
Quality and timely material support at the nearest location with lowest practical resource expenditure
D level
Performed at or by FRC sites to ensure continued flying integrity of airframes and flight systems. Material requiring major overhaul or rebuilding of parts.
Two types of maintenance described in NAMP
Rework and upkeep. Rework is restore. Upkeep is prevent.
Turnaround inspection
Conducted between flights to ensure the integrity of aircraft for flight. Proper servicing and detects degradation from previous flight. Good for 24 hours if no flight/maintenance occurs
Daily inspection
Inspect for defects to a greater depth then turn around. Valid for 72 hours without flight or major maint. Can be flown for 24 hours before another daily is needed
Special inspection
Scheduled with prescribed interval. Based on elapsed calendar time, flight hours, operating hours, or number of cycles. Ex; 7/28 day, 50/100/200 hours.
Conditional Inspection
Unscheduled as a result of over limit condition, or circumstances needing an inspection
Phase inspection
Divides total scheduled maintenance requirement into smaller packages or phases of same work content. Sequentially and at specified intervals
Acceptance
Performed when accepting a newly assigned aircraft or SE from any source and on return from major depot maintenance
Transfer inspection
Performed when transferring AC or SE
Rework maintenance : reliability centered maintenance
Ensure assets continue to do what their users require in present operating context. Others include aircraft service period adjustment and periodic maintenance interval
Maintenance management
Actions necessary to retain or restore material or equipment to a serviceable condition with minimum expenditure of resources
Maint control vs production control
Maint control is O level
Production control is I level
Two of the most critical aspects in naval aviation are…
The release of an aircraft for safe for flight and the acceptance of an aircraft.
Mmp
Monthly maintenance plan; provide scheduled control of predictable maint workload. By scheduling predictable maint, the capability for accomplishing unscheduled work can be determined. Prepared and distributed by the 25th of each month for o level and first for I level
Aircraft logbook
Record of equipment, inspections, scheduled removal items and installed equipment.
Each aircraft logbook is broken down into different sections;
Non aging record, flight time, inspection, repair, td, miscellaneous, etc
QA
Quality assurance ; prevention of the occurrence of defects
Achievement of QA depends on
Prevention, knowledge and special skills
Quality assurance rep
Maintenance personnel assigned to QA are known as QARs. They certify that the work involved has been personally inspected by them, properly completed and in accordance with instructions and directives
Collateral duty QAR
Assigned to production work centers but function same as QARs.
CDI
Assigned to work center. Inspect all work and comply with QA inspections during all maint inspections. Spot check all work in progress and will be familiar with provisions and responsibilities.
QA manages
6: ctpl, safety, audit, SE, acsp and namdrp
Ctpl
Central technical publications library: up to date info for all personnel.
Maint department /Division safety
QA is assigned overall responsibility in order to help out with posters/literature, hazards/mishaps/unsafe practices, safety meetings and coordinate with aviation safety officer
QA audit program
Assessment of effectiveness of programs managed within the maintenance department. Serve as an orderly method of identifying , investigating, and correcting deficiencies on sched/unsched basis. CSEC standardizes.
Three types if QA audits
Special, work center and program audits
Special QA audit
Evaluate specifics. May be requested by work center or when new supervisor is assigned. Copies held for one year
Work center audit
Semi-annually to evaluate overall quality performance. Personnel, programs, logs, etc
Program audits
Evaluate specific programs. Annually
SE misuse/abuse
All personnel must be fully knowledgeable of operation, safety, emergency and be qualified.
ACSP
Aircraft confined space program; ensure safe environment is maintained when working with fuel cells and tanks
NAMDRP
Naval aviation maintenance reporting program; QA maintains the program binder and assist with reporting of substandard workmanship, improper QA procedures and deficiencies in material and publication.
NATOPS
Naval air training and operating procedures standardization
Purpose of Natops
Positive approach toward improving combat readiness and achieving substantial reduction in aircraft mishap rate
Natops history
Established in 1962. In 1950 we were losing 2 airplanes per day. After standardization, down to less than 2 per 10,000 flight hours
Engine start procedures
Before starts, the wheels shall be chocked and parking brake set unless a deviation is authorized by NATOPS.
Man the fire extinguishing equipment.
Warning
May result in injury or death
Caution
Damage to equipment
Note
Emphasized
Shall
Mandatory
Should
Recommended
May
Optional
Will
Futurity
Vert stabilizer identification markings
Comnavairlant: first A-M, second A-Z
Comnavairpac: first N-Z, second A-Z
Cnatra: first A-G, no second character
14Nov1910
First take off from a ship by Eugene Ely. Uss Birmingham
8May1911
First planes purchased for 5500 each: A-1Triad. Birthday of Naval Aviation
20june1913
First fatality of Naval aviation of ensign William billingsley
22oct1917
First qualified inspectors : QAR
20mar1922
Jupiter recommisioned after conversion to navy’s first carrier: Langley
10mar1948
Fj-1 fury, the first navy jet, made its first carrier landing on the USS Boxer
7-8 may 1942
Coral sea; Japan was trying to seize port moresby as a first step to invade Australia. First carrier vs carrier battle. Both withdrew
3-5 june1942
Midway: turning point of pacific war. We knew what to expect by breaking Japan’s codes. Admiral Nimitz destroyed Japan forces with just three carriers
13-15 November 1942
Guadalcanal: 5 brothers were aboard the USS Juneau which was torpedoed by the Japanese. Navy policy concerning family member separations was reinstated.
Three types of motion pertaining to flight
Acceleration: rate of change of speed with time.
Speed: rate of movement in terms of distance in a period of time.
Velocity:speed in time and direction
Newton’s first law
Inertia. Object at rest will stay at rest until outside force
Newton’s second law
Force. Change of motion is directly proportional To the amount of force and inversely proportional to the mass of the object being moved
Newton’s third law
Action and reaction. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Bernoullis principle
When a fluid flowing through a tube reaches a constriction or narrowing point, the speed of the fluid passing increases and pressure decreases. Lift is accomplished by the difference in the airflow across the airfoil.
Lift
Force that acts, in an upward direction, to support the aircraft in the air. Counteracts the effect of weight. Lift must be greater than or equal to weight
Weight
Force of gravity acting downward on aircraft and everything on aircraft
Drag
Force that tends to hold aircraft back. Disruption of air about the wings, fuselage or body. Drag resists motion
Thrust
Force developed by aircrafts engine, in the forward direction. Thrust must be greater than or equal to drag
Aircraft axis
Longitudinal: line from nose to tail (roll ailerons)
Lateral: parallel to wings(pitch elevators)
Vertical: top to bottom(yaw rudder)
Rotary wing pitch/roll/yaw
Roll/pitch- cyclic stick
Yaw- tail rotor
Flap
Creates extra lift by lengthening the top section of the wing
Spoiler
Decrease wing lift by destroying smooth flow of air over wing surfaces, creates a more predictable landing glide slope
Speed brakes
Reduce speed of aircraft
Slats
Boundary layer control; control handling characteristics
Collective
For helos, lift is accomplished by collectively increasing the angle of attack of the blades
AoA
Angle of attack; angle at which fuselage meets a flow of air. Measured in units
Autorotation
Land without engine power. Reverse airflow maintains RPM.
Basic aircraft hydraulic system
Reservoir, pump, tubing, selector valve and actuating unit
Landing gear main components
Shock strut assy, tires, wheel brake assy, retracting/extending mechanism, side struts and supports
Nalcomis
Naval aviation logistics command management information system; manage maintenance and supply functions and processes by allowing users to enter, collect, process, store review and report info required. Reduces admin burden and keeps maint up to date
Ooma
Optimized organizational maintenance activity; O level computer server (tier) of maintenance, material, flight, platform and logs.
Ability to review status, flying discrepancies, alss status, SE status and mme status
Maintenance control responsibilities
Monitor current AC/equip status, work center priorities, fcf briefs, work orders, adb, priority codes, maf initiation,
WO data fields
Jcn (9 characters), type maint, type WO (2), job status history, worker hours, work center and work unit code (system code)
Common types of Work Center
Discrepancy maint, troubleshooting, cannibalization, assist, facilitate, conditional look, conditional fix, special inspection and technical directive
OIMA
Optimized IMA; provides the capability to manage maint and supply at intermediate level.
Data accuracy
Accurate documentation must be a continuous concern throughout nalcomis.
Core capabilities (6)
Forward presence, deterrence, sea control, power projection, maritime security and humanitarian/disaster relief.
FDSPMH
HSC
Helicopter seA combat
Hsm
Helicopter maritime strike ( asw/asuw)
Ht
Helicopter training
Vaq
Tactical electronic warfare ( degrade and deceive enemy defense)
VAW
Carrier Airborne Early Warning
VC
Fleet Composite
VFA
Strike fighter
VP
Patrol; anti sub, anti surface, reconnaissance and mining
VQ
Fleet air reconnaissance ( fixed wing)
VR
Aircraft logistics support
VRC
Carrier logistics support
VT
Training
VX/VXE
Air test and evaluation
HAZMAt
Any material that may pose a substantial hazard to human health or environment when released or spilled. It is everyone’s job to ensure the proper disposal and storage
Hazmat storage and inspection
Inspected weekly and quarterly ; tightness of closure, corrosion, leakage, labeling and shelf-life
MSDS
Material safety data sheets; technical bulletins containing info about materials (composition, chemical, physical, health, safety and precautions
Six categories of hazmat
Flammable, aerosol, toxic, corrosive, oxidizing and compressed
Secondary labeling of hazmat
When removed from original container
Hazmat authorized use list
Inventory. Work centers maintain a current inventory of items authorized
Hazmat training for all hands
Types, waste, labels, MSDS and emergency procedures
Hazardous waste disposal
Hazwaste is disposed based on category of Hazwaste. Containers, double bagged and drums.
Flammable Hazwaste
Fire safe containers. Never place in ships incinerator
Hazmat PPE
Read MSDS. General=eye protection, respiratory devices and gloves
Hazmat/Hazwaste spill
Only trained personnel.
Steps: discovery, notification, initiation of action, evaluation, containment, damage control, dispersion, cleanup, disposal, re-entry, reports. 11
Hangar
Environmentally protected area to perform maintenance on aircraft or store away from elements.
Types of hangars
Three types
Vp 9 hangar
Type 3, 165 deep x165 wide
Hangar items
Painted red fire lane, portable CO2 fire extinguishers, electrical system, hangar doors, grounds
Hangar fire protection systems
AFFF, overhead water sprinkler, optical detection system, drainage system, draft curtains
Estimated cost of false fire suppression activation
Excess of 80,000
