Eaws Flashcards
4 methods to control bleeding
Direct pressure, elevation, pressure points and tourniquet
Three objectives of first aid
Prevent further injury, infection, and loss of life
What is a pressure point
Point on body where a main artery lies near skin surface and over a bone
Pressure point number and location
11; temple, jaw, neck, collar bone, inner upper arm, inner elbow, wrist, upper thigh, groin, knee, ankle
Burn classes
Three
First degree burn
Produces redness, warmth and mild pain
Second degree
Red, blistered skin and severe pain
Third degree
Destroys tissue, skin and bone. Nerve endings destroyed
Fracture types
Closed/simple or open/compound.
Closed is broken without a break in skin, open has bone protrusion
Electric shock
Injuries range from severe trauma with cardiac arrest to no injury
Obstructed airways
Can’t talk, pointing to throat, blue skin
Heat exhaustion
Serious disturbance of blood flow to the brain, heart and lungs. Skin is cool, moist and clammy. Victim is sweating profusely
Heat stroke
Breakdown of sweating mechanism of body. Victim unable to eliminate excessive body heat build up. Dry skin. Weak, rapid pulse
Hypothermia
General cooling of whole body caused by exposure to low or falling temperature, snow or ice. Victim looks dead. Slow and shallow breathing. Faint pulse.
Superficial frostbite
Ice crystals forming in upper skin layers after exposure to a temp of 32 degrees or lower
Deep frostbite
Ice crystals forming in deeper tissues after exposure to 32 or lower
What is shock
Body suffers from insufficient blood flow throughout body as result of injury or illness. 5 types of shock; septic, anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, neurogenic.
Septic shock
Results from bacteria multiplying in blood and releasing toxins. Common causes are pneumonia, ruptured appendix and meningitis
Anaphylactic shock
Hypersensitivity or allergic reaction. Stings or foods
Cardiogenic shock
Occurs when heart is damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to body. End result of heart attack
Hypovolemic shock
Severe blood and fluid loss, such as from traumatic bodily injury, which makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to body
Neurogenic shock
Caused by spinal cord injury, result of traumatic accident
CPR
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; combo of rescue breathing and chest compressions delivered to victims thought to be in cardiac arrest
Point of CPR
It can support a small amount of blood flow to the heart and brain to buy time until normal heart function is restored
CPR steps
C/A/B. recognition of the importance chest compressions has on successful victim resuscitation.
Why did they change it from abc to cab
Recognition of the importance cheat compressions have on successful victim resuscitation
Survival chain
Activation of CPR Cheat compressions AED Rapid defibrillator Effective life support Post-cardiac arrest care
ORM
Operational risk management ; decision making process used to identify and manage hazards that endanger naval resources. 5 step process
ORM steps
Identify hazards Asses hazards: degree of risk Make risk decisions Implement controls Supervise: follow up evals
Mishap classes
Three different classes identified by naval safety program
Class A Mishap
Resulting total cost is 2 million or fatality/disability
Class B mishap
500,000 to 2 million, permanent partial disability or three or more personnel are inpatient hospitalized
Class C
Total cost 50,000 - 500,000; any nonfatal injury that causes loss of work . Reporting is 5 or more days lost
PPE program
Last line of defense in event of equipment breakdown, failure or misuse. Cranial, eye protection, hearing protection, impact protection , gloves and foot protection
NBC environment
Deliberate or accidental employment or threat of weapons attack with other CBR materials
Chemical warfare
Employment of chemical agents to kill/injure/incapacitate personnel.
Nerve, blister, blood and choking
Nerve agents
Liquid agents that disrupt nerve impulses to body while damaging body functions. Sarin, Tabun, Soman and VX
Blister agents
Liquid or solid agents that can cause inflammation, blisters and destruction of tissues which results in temp blindness or death. Distilled mustard, lewisite
Blood agents
Gaseous casualty agents that attack the enzymes carrying oxygen in the blood stream. Rapid breathing or choking may occur due to lack of oxygen in the blood. Hydrogen Cyanide, Cyanogen Chloride, and Arsine
Choking agents
Gaseous or liquid with initial symptoms that include tears, dry throat, nausea, vomiting and headache. The lungs can be filled with fluid, feels like drowning. Rapid and shallow breathing.
M9 chemical agent detector paper
Detects presence of liquid chemical agents by turning red. Doesn’t detect chemical agent vapors
Atropine 2 PAM chloride auto injector
Specific therapy for nerve agent casualties, issued for intramuscular injection, self aid or first aid
Biological warfare
Use of agents to cause disease, sickness, or death to reduce the effectiveness of opposing combatant forces is. Pathogens and Toxins
Pathogens
Bacteria, rickettsia, viruses, fungi, Protozoa and prions
Toxins
Major groupings : mycotoxins (fungi), bacterial toxins, algal toxins, animal venoms
Primary groupings: physiological effects are neurotoxins, cytotoxins, enterotoxins and dermatoxins
IPE for chemical/biological warfare
Individual protective equipment. Most important decision in risk management for chemical agents.
C2 canister filter
Gloves and liners
Over boots
Radiological warfare
Nuclear explosion: High altitude Air burst Surface burst Shallow underwater Deep underwater
High altitude air burst
Excess of 100,000 feet
Air burst
Fireball doesn’t reach the surface. Vacuum created collects debris caused by severe blast damage resulting in radiation fallout
Surface burst
Worst fallout due to fireball touching the surface which results in massive radioactive fallout
Shallow underwater burst
Small fireball and blast wave however, it causes large waves and water contamination
Deep underwater burst
Is similar to the shallow underwater burst but with less visual effect and yields greater contaminated water
Shipboard shielding stations
Ready shelter and deep shelter
Ready shelter
Just inside the weather envelope , with access to deep shelter. Provide minimum shielding from nuclear radiation and allow the crew to remain close to battle stations
Deep shelter stations
Low in ship and near the centerline. Provide max shielding from nuc radiation, requiring far removed from battle stations
DT 60 dosimeter
Non self reading high range casualty dosimeter, which has to be placed in a special radical computer indicator to determine the total amount of gamma radiation to which the wearer is exposed in the 0-600 roentgens
MOPP
Mission oriented protective posture; coordinate use of systems and equipment in chem or biological environment. Full protection isn’t always required. Mopp levels 0-4
Mopp 0
Issue IPE, within five min
Mopp 1
Don protective equip, m9 tape
Afloat: mask,gloves ready
Mopp 2
Over boots
Afloat: mask carried
Mopp 3
Fill canteens, activate stations
Afloat: install filters, over boots
Mopp 4
Gloves with liners, untie bow in cord, loop between legs and secure to web belt
Afloat: don mask, gloves, washdown
Primary duty of fire fighting
Saving lives
Secondary responsibility of firefighting
Extinguish fires and limit damage
Fire triangle
Replaced by fire tetrahedron;
Triangle was oxygen, heat and fuel.
4th element is chemical chain reaction
Fire classes
ABCD
Class alpha fire
Occur in combustible materials that produce an ash such as burning wood, cloth or paper. Effective extinguishing agents are water or Aquous film forming foam
Class bravo fire
Occur with flammable liquid substances such as gasoline, jet fuels and other petroleum based products. Effective extinguishing agents are AFFF, halon 1211, purple k powder, and carbon dioxide
Class Charlie fire
Energized electrical fires that are attacked by using non-conductive agents. Effective agents for energized are co2, halon, pkp and h2o in fig patterns with a minimum distance of 4 feet. If de-energized, treat as a,b or d fire
Class delta fire
Combustible metals such as magnesium or titanium. Effective agents are large qualities of H2O in fog. Be careful of small explosions
AFFF
Aqueous film forming foam; non corrosive and unlimited shelf life
Water extinguishing agent
Not suitable to be used alone on large aircraft fuel fires. It has the ability to cool and provide heat shield for personnel. Effective for cooling ordnance, batteries and class a fires
Halon
Class B and C** primary. Effective on class A. Electrically nonconductive gas that leaves residue to clean up. Inhibits chemical chain reaction of combustion process
Carbon dioxide
15 pound portable and 50 pound wheeled. Class B and C** Suppresses fire by displacement of oxygen to below level required to support combustion
Potassium bicarbonate (pkp)
Class B** The dry chemical extinguishes the flame by breaking combustion chain. No cooling capabilities. Could reignite.
Required flight line pipe
Steel toed shoes, cranial, goggles and leather gloves
Airfield components
Runways Threshold markings ( parallel stripes 12ft by 150 ft long to designate landing area) Overrun area (deceleration area) Emergency shore based recovery equip ( landing in shortest distance possible) Parking apron Compass rose ( magnetically quiet area) Runway numbering (mag heading to nearest 10 degrees. 250 deg = runway 25) Rotating beacon ( airport below VFR conditions, beacon is used to identify location. Clockwise 2white and 1green flashing 12-15 times per min)
Flight deck safety
Oil, grease and fuel slip hazards.
Jet intakes, exhaust, rotor and prop arcs
Flight deck extra ppe
Jersey
Jersey colors
Yellow is officer (handling, flight deck) White is safety Brown is plane captain Blue is aircraft handling and chock crew Red is crash crew Purple is fuel
Runways
Take off and landing
Threshold markings
Designate the landing area
Overrun area
Deceleration area for abort or overshooting
Ma-1 series overrun barrier
Stop tricycle landing gear equipped aircraft not equipped with tail hooks. Always in stby status
Compass rose
Calibration pad. Magnetically quiet area
Runway numbering system
Numbered in relation to mag heading rounded off to nearest 10 degrees. 250=25. If 2, then left and right added. 3 incorporates center
Airfield rotating beacon
When airport below VFR conditions, the beacon is used to identify its location. Clockwise at constant speed. 2 white lights and one green flashing 12to 15 times per min
SE rules
Vehicles should never pass under any part of a parked aircraft and all vehicles should be driven or parked adjacent to AC to prevent collision. If motor running the SE must be manned.
Aviation danger areas
Intakes, exhaust, flight controls, compressed gases, cryogenics, explosives, haz mat, eye, hearing, etc
Ground
Connector, cable, clip and approved static ground. It discharges the static electricity. Ground to aircraft.
Windshield static grounding
During flight a high voltage(100000 volts) static electrical discharge may build up and be stored in windshield.