Eating Disorders Flashcards
Does stress have an impact on eating?
yes, stress has a huge impact on eating patterns (eat bed food, more…)
we live to eat and do not consider biological state
What are the social cues of eating disorder?
- often eating is the primary activity in social settings
- wanting to fit into social settings
- peer pressure
What are the situational cues of eating disorder?
- Seeking comfort during crisis/loneliness
- Avoiding negative feelings
- Reward
What are the NEGATIVE THOUGHTS AND FEELINGS of eating disorder?
The Cycle of Automatic Eating:
1. Unpleasant situation
2. Automatic negative thoughts
3. Negative feelings
4. Eat our emotions
What are the results of Body Mass Index study?
Adults Women Men
anorexia < 17.5
underweight <19.1 <20.7
in normal range 19.1-25.8 20.7-26.4
marginally overweight 25.8-27.3 26.4-27.8
overweight 27.3-32.3 27.8-31.1
very overweight or obese >32.3 >31.1
severely obese 35 - 40
morbidly obese 40 - 50
super obese 50 - 60
What is the prevalence of eating disorder?
It is estimated that approximately 5 million Americans have a diagnosable eating disorder.
- anorexia nervosa,
- bulimia nervosa,
- eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS)
- Among teenagers and adolescent the rate of
obesity is 17%
What are some risk factors of eating disorder?
- Gender
- Race or ethnicity
- Childhood eating and gastrointestinal problems
- Elevated shape and weight concerns
- Sexual abuse
- Negative body image and self-evaluation
- General psychiatric comorbidity
What are the symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa (AN)?
- Rapid weight loss
- Excessive concern with body shape and weight
- Preoccupation with food and calories
- Decrease in variety of foods eaten
- Skipping meals
- Ritualized eating and food preparation
- Menstrual irregularities
- Excessive exercise
- Can result: anemia
What is Anorexia Nervosa?
- A refusal to maintain a minimal body weight
- A pathological fear of gaining weight
- A distorted body image
- Weight loss is often viewed as an important
achievement and weight gain as a significant loss
of self-control
What is the prevalence of Anorexia Nervosa?
- Afflicts mainly adolescent women
Onset: early- middle teens following either a period of life stress or an intense period of dieting - Ten times more females than males are afflicted
by the disorder
Increasing trend towards early-onset anorexia
in girls between 8 and 13 years of age - Lifetime prevalence: 0,5 %
What are the 2 types of anorexia?
- Restricted type of anorexia nervosa: a type of
anorexia nervosa in which self-starvation is not
associated with concurrent purging - Binge-eating/purging type AN: a type of eating
disorder in which the sufferer regularly engages
in purging activities to help control weight again - Obsessive and perfectionist traits
- Low self-esteem
Is there a direct relationship between Anorexia nervosa and stress?
No direct relationship between stress and AN!
biological changes seen are not sure if happen before or after they starve themselves
Are anorectic individuals are able to ignore physiological and psychological hunger cues?
yes
What is the relationship between anorexia and stress?
Do not develop due to actue daily stress, it is chronic stress that makes them develop depression and anxiety leading to eating disorder
What are the Bulimia Nervosa (BN) symptoms?
- Fear of loss of control over eating
- Excessive concern with body shape and weight
- Feelings of shame and secrecy concerning
bulimic behaviors - Consuming large amounts of food at one time
(bingeing) - Self-induced vomiting
- Abuse of laxatives, diuretics of diet pills
What is Bulimia Nervosa BN?
- main features: recurrent episodes if binge eating
followed by periods of purging or fasting - Characterized by fear of weight gain and a
distorted perception of body shape - Purging sub-type BN
- The individual regularly engages in self-
induced vomiting or the misuse of laxatives - Nonpurging sub-type BN
The individual attempts to compensate for
binge eating by indulging in excessive fasting or
exercise
What is the prevalence of Bulimia Nervosa BN?
- Onset: in late adolescence or early adulthood (90% are female)
- Life-time Prevalence: among women is
approximately 1-3% - Ten times more female than men are afflicted
- probably more cause harder to detect
What is the cormorbidity of BN?
- Is significantly more common than anorexia
- Is often found to be comorbid with other axis I
and Axis II disorders
- major depression is the most commonly
diagnosed comorbid disorder, with between
36% and 63% of bulimia sufferers being
diagnosed with depression
What is BN?
lost control over their eating patterns
- usually become ashamed of their binges
- binges tend to occur in secret,
- taking foods that are normally quick and easy to
consume, such as sweets, ice cream, cakes, bread
and toast
Binge episodes are often well planned in advance, and can be triggered by periods of dysphoric or depressed mood, interpersonal stressors or intense hunger following an extended period of dietary restraint
Is anorexia nervosa the most likely psychopathological disorder that leads to death?
yes
What is the binge and purge in Bulimia Nervosa?
Binge is unhealthy escape from pressure and purge will get rid of what just did, regret
- Look like they always have ideal weight but are not ok
Does Bulimia display more physical symptoms than anorexia?
Bulimia displays significantly fewer physical symptoms than anorexia
- permanent loss of dental enamel (vomiting)
- Menstrual irregularity
What is the relationship between Bulimia nervosa and stress?
Study of Levine et al. demonstrated that stressors did not significantly alter the consumption of women with bulimic symptoms relative to healthy women
- Both BN and healthy women increased food
intake of carbohydrates following the stressor
- Stress has been associated with the onset of BN.
- Bulimics are very strict eaters that under stress will eat very little, under stress eat a ton more than normal
What are the symptoms of Binge eating?
- Fear of loss of control over eating
- Bingeing
- recurrent episodes of binge eating without
purging or fasting (as associated with BN)
- recurrent episodes of binge eating without
- Feelings of disgust
- Poor self-esteem
- Tend to be overweight
- long history of failed attempts to diet and lose
weight - feelings of lack of control —– that causes
distress
- long history of failed attempts to diet and lose
What is the onset and prevalence of Binge Eating?
- Onset: during late adolescence or early
adulthood - Prevalence: 1-3%
- Majority of sufferers are women, but the incidence of binge-eating disorder in women is only 1,5 times higher than in men!
What is the cormorbidity of binge eating?
Associated with high levels of depression
Why binge eat?
- Impaired social functioning
- Dissatisfaction with body shape
What is the relationship between Binge Eating and Stress?
- Restrained eaters and emotional eaters over eat
in response to stress.
- Patients are more emotional eaters. - Moderate heritability (0.5, Gluck, 2005).
- Binge eating serves as an escape from aversive
self-awareness or an attempt to elevate mood.
What is obesity?
- Over weight
- Classification on the International Classification
of Diseases (ICD), but not DSM-IV - not a mental health disorder
What is the relationship between Stress and Obesity?
- BED women showed greater cortisol response to
stress compared to normal subjects. (Lo Sauro,
2005). - Obese women show alterations in the HPA axis.
- Increased cortisol levels + related to central fat
distribution. - Increased cortisol level can produce insuline
resistance and in turn promote visceral fat
accumulation.
What are the coping mechanisms of obesity?
- Coping: thoughts and behavior and individual
uses to manage, tolerate or reduce internal or
external demands. Strategies. - Poor coping skills may lead to a rise in stress,
which result in a reduction in dietary restraint
forming a spiral relationship and ultimately
leading to weight gain or loss. - Women are more likely to use food to deal with
stress, whether men tend to use alcohol
consumption or smocking. (Torres et al., 2007).
Characteristic of ED women?
ED women:
- Less optimistic
- Cognitive avoidance
- BN blame themselves
- Less mastery in response to crisis
- Less effective coping styles
- Positive relationship between eating pathology
and avoidant or emotion-focused coping
strategies.
