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Psychology A2 > Eating Behaviour > Flashcards

Eating Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Food preference

A

way in which we choose from available foods

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2
Q

Neophobia

A

extreme dislike/avoidance of anything new/unfamiliar

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3
Q

Taste aversion

A

Learned response to eating toxic foods resulting in avoidance of that food in future
Genetically programmed to learn response quickly
Innate aversion to bitter foods - sign of toxins

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4
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone released in stomach to stimulate hypothalamus to increase appetite
Reach certain point - arcuate nucleus signals LH to secrete NPY - turn on eating

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5
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone produced by fat tissue and secreted into blood where it travels to the brain and decreases appetite
Binds to hypothalamus - counteracts NPY effects - reduces hunger
Increase sympathetic nervous system

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6
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

eating disorder where despite being underweight, fear may become obese therefore engage in self starvation

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7
Q

Serotonin

A

neurotransmitter implicated in aggression, eating behaviour, sleep and depression

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8
Q

Dopamine

A

neurotransmitter effecting motivation and drive

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9
Q

Limbic system

A

system of structures lying beneath cortex associated with emotional behaviour

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10
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining constant internal environment despite changes in internal and external factors via negative feedback

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11
Q

Enmeshment

A

Extreme form of proximity and intensity
Family impinges on each others privacy
Lack of boundaries
Self identities all tied up

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12
Q

Autonomy

A

Due to enmeshed family, can’t become independent and develop autonomy
Try to assert independence by refusing to eat

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13
Q

Irrational beliefs

A

beliefs that are unhelpful, illogical and inconsistent with our social reality

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14
Q

Restraint theory

A

attempting to restrain eating actually increases the probability of overeating

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15
Q

Habitual disinhibition

A

Tendency to overeat in response to daily life circumstances

Most common for weight gain - opportunistic eating

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16
Q

EEA

A

environment of evolutionary adaptation - african savannah

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17
Q

Preference for sweetness

A

Sugar is quick energy release - hunting

Fructose from ripe fruit

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18
Q

Steiner (1977)

A

Sugar on tongues of newborns
Observed positive facial expressions
Can distinguish between different types of sugar

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19
Q

Preference for salt

A

essential for cell function

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20
Q

Harris et al (1990)

A

Breastfed babies still preferred salted rather than unsalted cereal
Suggests salt preference is innate

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21
Q

Preference for fat

A

Not often readily available for ancestors

Preference for high calorie foods be adaptive - energy for survival

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22
Q

Food neophobia

A

Natural occurring reaction protects animals from poison

Occurs between 2 - 6 years - explore independently

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23
Q

Gracia et al (1955)

A

Rats made ill with radiation shortly after eating saccharin

Developed aversion to saccharin

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24
Q

Role of learning in food preference

A

Learn what’s good to eat as a result of:
Social influences - parental and peer
Cultural influence - media and norms

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25
Q

Birch et al (1984)

A

Children rewarded for eating certain foods:
Preference for food used as reward increases
Decreases preferences for food they didn’t want to eat

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26
Q

Role of learning - Parents

A

Operant conditioning - children rewarded for eating certain foods

Social learning theory:
Adaptive as ensures children eating safe foods as other eating them
Parents modelling food preferences

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27
Q

Brown and Ogden (2004)

A

Consistent correlations between parents and childs snack food intake

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28
Q

Role of learning - Peers

A

Social learning theory - modelling

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29
Q

Greenhalgh et al (2009)

A 
Children exposed to positive modelling (by peers), more likely  to try these foods themselves 
Negative modelling (by peers), less likely to try these foods
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30
Q

Birch (1980)

A

4 lunches in a row, children seated next to child who preferred different vegetable
Change in vegetable preference at 4 week follow up - long lasting change

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31
Q

Role of learning - media

A

Learn about healthy eating

What is affordable and available implements this learning

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32
Q

Role of learning - cultural norms

A

Different attitudes to what constitutes as proper meal
Differences in what part of animal to eat
Culture provides context for what is normal to eat

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33
Q

Glucose in producucing hunger

A

Glucose falls - hunger increases
Hypothalamus detects glucose fluctuations
Glucose levels controlled by insulin and glucagon

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34
Q

Too much glucose

A

Pancreas releases insulin - glucose drawn into cells

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35
Q

Too little glucose

A

Pancreas releases glucagon - gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

36
Q

Dual-centre model of eating

A

Lateral hypothalamus

Ventromedial hypothalamus

37
Q

Lateral hypothalamus (LH)

A

Lesioning - aphagia (lack of eating)
Stimulation - seek food even if just eaten
Hunger centre
Activated by NPY neurotransmitter in hypothalamus when glucose level fall (Reynolds and Wickens - injected rats)

38
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

Lesioning - Hyperphagia (over-eating)
Stimulation - Not hungry even if starving
Satiety centre
Glucose too high - VMH triggered - LH activity inhibited

39
Q

Biological explanations for AN

A

run in families

40
Q

Family studies - AN

A

First-degree relative of sufferer greater chance oh having AN
Increased risk of developing other eating disorders - inherit general vulnerability

41
Q

Thornton et al

A

Twin study of AN

moderate to high heritability

42
Q

Wade et al

A

Heritability rate 58%

Some have genetic predisposition for developing AN

43
Q

Klump et al

A

Studies adopted sibling pairs (share environment) and biological sibling pairs (different environment)
Heritability ranged from 59% to 82% when not sharing same environment
High genetic factor

44
Q

Bailer and Kaye (2011)

A

Low level of serotonin breakdown product if serenely ill with AN
Return to normal after short-term weight recovery
Increase beyond normal after recovery
Dysregulated in AN

45
Q

Attia et al (2014)

A

Study underweight AN patients and those recovered to normal weight
Use drugs to stimulate serotonin activity
Underweight patients respond less to drugs
Dysregulated in AN

46
Q

Kaye et al (1991)

A

Low dopamine breakdown product in AN patients and recovered patients

47
Q

Kaye et al (2005)

A

PET scan of recovered patients and healthy people
Overactivity where dopamine plays role in interpreting reward
Alters association between food and pleasure
Explains why AN patients don’t experience pleasure when eating

48
Q

Lipsman et al (2015)

A

Suggest dysfunction in limbic system
Normally regulate emotion
Leads to problems processing emotional stimuli
Leads to thoughts and behaviours in AN

49
Q

Family systems theory

A

Consider family as whole unit

50
Q

Psychosomatic family - Minuchin at el (1978)

A

Family is dysfunctional
Result in range of psychological disorders
Specific dysfunction in families of AN sufferers
Treatment must change way whole family functions

51
Q

Enmeshment results in

A

Parents over-emotionally involved with children but are dismissive of their emotional needs
Inhibits development of social skills
Child struggles to assert independence
Autonomy

52
Q

Control and overprotection

A

Family members nurture each other obsessively
Leaves no room for independence
Refuse to eat to show control
Mothers may sacrifice own need for child - blame child when things go wrong

53
Q

Rigidity

A

Lack of flexibility
No flexibility to become independent
Lead to dysfunctional behaviour
Turn to abnormal eating to assert independence

54
Q

Lack of conflict resolutions

A

No resolution of problems leading to constant state of unresolved conflict
Anorexic refuses to eat and family refuses to address problem

55
Q

Social learning theory - AN

A

Imitate models on eating behaviours

56
Q

Maternal role models

A

Mother-daughter relationships particularly important

Mother ‘model’ weight impacts daughter

57
Q

Peer influences

A

Seeking approval and fitting in with peers

Teasing can lead to concerns on eating and weight

58
Q

Media influences

A

Media provides symbolic models and is powerful transmitter of cultural ideas and body shape and size

59
Q

Beck

A 
Cognitive theory - AN
Way info is processed effects feelings and behaviour 
Schema organise and process info 
Schema can distort reality
Lead to emotional disorders
60
Q

Distortions

A

Errors in thinking
Arise from comparison with others
Result in misperception of being overweight
Try to lose weight - AN

61
Q

Williamson et al (1993)

A

37 AN patients and 95 control
Estimate current body size and ideal body size

AN patients less accurate in body size - overestimate
AN patients have thinner ideals

62
Q

Irrational beliefs

A

All or nothing - if not fat, thin
Catastrophising - eat 1/2 biscuit, no will power at all
Must be thin for others to like me
Perfectionism - must meet demanding standard in all area of life (these goals spiral upwards)

63
Q

Garner and Bemis - development of AN

A

Individual characteristics - High achieving perfectionist, introvert, self doubt

Cultural ideals - thinness, importance of body weight

Irrational beliefs - losing weight reduces stress, more attractive to others

Outcomes of social isolation - Reduce chance of seeing thinking as abnormal

New found attitude - Weight and thinness judge of self worth

Feelings resulting from weight loss - positive feelings, more likely to continue

64
Q

Fairburn et al (2003)

A

Transdiognostic model
Different eating disorders have more in common than what differentiated them
Must consider common features - core psychopathology

65
Q

Transdiognostic model

A

Overestimation of body weight
Overemphasis on appearance
Overemphasis on self-control
Self esteem determined by weight and appearance

66
Q

Maintenance of transdiagnostic model

A

Restriction of food maintained by:
Feelings of self control
Physiological effects of starvation perceived as loss of control
Focus on weight leads to constantly checking - more restriction

67
Q

Maes et al (1997)

A

Meta-analysis of twin studies
Heritability of estimates for BMI - 74%MZ 32%DZ
Suggests genetic

68
Q

Stunkard (1990)

A

Even reared apart, MZ more alike in BMI and DZ

Suggests genetic

69
Q

Stunkard et al (1986)

A

540 adoptees, adoptive parents and biological parents
Strong relationship between weight of adoptees and biological parents
Suggests genetic

70
Q

Neural explanation for obesity

A

Dysfunction in VMH may result in obesity

Disruption in leptin signalling

71
Q

Reeves and Plum (1969)

A

Postmortem of obese woman
VMH destroyed
VMH controls stopping eating - can’t do this if damaged

72
Q

Bates and Myers (2003)

A

Disrupting leptin signalling in hypothalamus results in obesity

73
Q

Thrifty gene hypothesis

A

Feast or famine
Those who gorged when food available held fate for when food scarce
Increase survival so passed on
Maladaptive - promote fat storage for famine that never comes

74
Q

Herman and Polivy (1975)

A

created restraint theory to explain the cause and consequence linked with cognitive restriction of food intake

75
Q

Herman and Mack

A

Suggest trying not to eat increases probability of over eating

76
Q

Restraint theory - Cognitive control

A

Person puts restraints on themselves
Must actively think about what to eat and when
Always thinking about food

77
Q

Restraint theory - Paradoxical outcome

A

Become more obsessed with for as always thinking about it
Ignore physiological signals
Signals become disinhibited - overeat as don’t feel full

78
Q

Boundary model - Herman and Polivy (1984)

A

Hunger keeps food intake above certain minimum
Satiety keeps intake below maximum
Between hungry and satiated - psychology has impact

Energy level below certain point - biological processes make us feel hungry
Eating until full creates discomfort - make us stop eating

Between hunger and satiety, cognitive and social factors ahem greatest influence on food intake

79
Q

Herman and Mack

A

Compared dieters and non-dieters
Non-dieters - eat less ice cream if already had milkshake
Dieters - eat less ice cream if not had milkshake
eat lots of ice cream if had milkshake

All or nothing

80
Q

Emotional disinhibition

A

Tendency to overeat in repsonse to emotional states (anxiety, depression)

81
Q

Situational disinhibition

A

tendency to overeat in response to specific environmental cues (social occasions)

82
Q

Hedonic eating - success and failure of dieting

A

Conflicting goals so one will interfere with the other
Dieters sensitive to pleasurable qualities of food
Increased thought of food
These thoughts inhibit access to thoughts on controlling eating

83
Q

Stroebe (2008)

A

Dieters find it difficult to stick to diets as more sensitive to the hedonic (pleasurable properties of food)

84
Q

Ironic processes theory - success and failure of dieting

A

Paradoxical outcome of suppressing thought makes it more likely
Forbidden foods stand out more

85
Q

Detail - success and failure of dieting

Redden (2008)

A

Suggests paying attention to what is vein eaten helps maintain diet
More you do something, less you like it
Less likely to stick to diet regime

Focusing on detail rather than just salad stops them betting bored

86
Q

Redden (2008)

A

135 people
22 jelly beans each
Must eat one at a time

Group 1 - saw ‘bean 1’
Group 2 - saw ‘bean 7 - cherry’

Group 1 bored faster
Group 2 had detail

Stick to diet if have detail

Psychology A2 (3 decks)

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