Easy Flashcards
Identify the main steps of a PCR reaction. What are the purposes for each step?
Denaturation: DNA strands are separated at high temperatures (95°C).
Annealing: Primers bind to complementary DNA sequences (50-65°C).
Extension: DNA polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands (72°C).
Identify 3 features of lentiviral vectors that make them useful for molecular biology applications.
Ability to integrate into host genome.
High transduction efficiency in dividing and non-dividing cells.
Long-term stable expression of transgenes.
What is the primary mechanism by which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targets insect pests?
RNA interference (RNAi): dsRNA is processed into siRNA, which degrades complementary mRNA, silencing genes critical for pest survival.
Define the term SNP. Provide an example using two short sequences. Explain the significance in genetic lineage studies.
SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism): A variation at a single nucleotide position.
Example: Sequence 1: ATGCTA → Sequence 2: ATGCCA (C replaces T).
Significance: SNPs trace ancestry and genetic variations in populations.
Explain the purpose of engineering yeast to produce renewable chemicals from methanol.
To create sustainable bioproduction methods for chemicals, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and lowering carbon emissions.
What are the key advantages of using cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a gene delivery vector compared to vectors like adeno-associated viruses (AAVs)?
Larger cargo capacity.
High expression levels of delivered genes.
Broad host range.
What does the superscript Y256C mean in hRPAY256C? Name the type of mutation that causes this change.
Y256C: Tyrosine (Y) at position 256 is mutated to Cysteine (C).
Type: Missense mutation.
Provide an explanation of how transgenic mouse models could be used to study human disease.
Mimic human disease by introducing mutations or genes.
Test potential treatments.
Study disease mechanisms.
