EASA part 8 questions Flashcards
What is the definition of “operational control” ?
(Ref: 8.1.1)
Operational control is the operator’s responsibility to ensure flights are conducted safely; including crew supervision; aircraft airworthiness; and regulatory compliance.
Who holds final authority to delay or cancel a flight (Ref: 8.1.3)?
The pilot-in-command (PIC).
What pre-flight checks are mandatory for the PIC (Ref: 8.1.5)?
Verify aircraft airworthiness; crew qualifications; weather; NOTAMs; and fuel.
How must operational control be maintained during international flights (Ref: 8.1.7)?
Continuous communication with the operator via ACARS; SATCOM; or ATC relay.
What documentation must the operator provide pre-flight (Ref: 8.1.9)?
Flight plan; MEL status; weather briefings; NOTAMs; and passenger manifests.
When must the PIC consult the operator during flight (Ref: 8.1.11)?
For significant route changes; emergencies; or deviations from ATC instructions.
What defines “aircraft airworthiness” pre-flight (Ref: 8.1.13)?
Compliance with the MEL; valid maintenance releases; and no deferred defects affecting safety.
How is crew fatigue managed during multi-sector flights (Ref: 8.1.15)?
Adherence to EASA FTL regulations; with rest periods tracked in crew records.
What actions are required if a crew member becomes unfit mid-flight (Ref: 8.1.17)?
Reassign duties; declare a medical emergency if needed; and divert.
What is the operator’s role in flight monitoring (Ref: 8.1.19)?
Track progress via ACARS; ensure ATC compliance; and provide updates to the PIC.
How are changes to the flight plan communicated (Ref: 8.1.21)?
Through revised ATC clearances; ACARS messages; or direct radio contact.
What are the PIC’s duties during a diversion (Ref: 8.1.23)?
Ensure passenger safety; coordinate with ATC; and update the operator.
When must the operator be notified of a technical defect (Ref: 8.1.25)?
Immediately after landing; logged in the technical log.
What is required for flights into conflict zones (Ref: 8.1.27)?
Risk assessment; threat briefings; and crew security training.
How are passenger briefings conducted for emergency landings (Ref: 8.1.29)?
Follow operator-approved procedures; including brace positions and evacuation routes.
What defines “minimum crew” for a flight (Ref: 8.1.31)?
The number required by the aircraft’s certification and operational manual.
How are VIP passengers prioritized during emergencies (Ref: 8.1.33)?
Safety protocols apply equally; no special prioritization unless medically necessary.
What is the procedure for unplanned overnight stays (Ref: 8.1.35)?
Coordinate with the operator for accommodation; security; and revised planning.
How are ATC language proficiency requirements verified (Ref: 8.1.37)?
Crew must hold valid ICAO Level 4 (or higher) certification.
What records are kept post-flight (Ref: 8.1.39)?
Technical logs; fuel reports; incident reports; and passenger feedback.
Scenario: A deferred MEL defect prohibits flights into icing conditions. Forecast includes icing en-route. What should the PIC do (Ref: 8.1.5; 8.1.13)?
Cancel or reroute the flight. MEL compliance is mandatory.
Scenario: Operator requests a VIP pickup at an unplanned airport without NOTAM review. Proceed (Ref: 8.1.7; 8.1.9)?
Refuse until NOTAMs; weather; and airport suitability are verified.
What are CAT I ILS minima (Ref: 8.2.1)?
DH ≥ 200 ft; visibility ≥ 550m (or RVR ≥ 550m).
How are landing minima adjusted for contaminated runways (Ref: 8.2.3)?
Increase by 20% for wet runways; 50% for snow/ice.
What weather sources must be reviewed pre-flight (Ref: 8.2.5)?
METAR; TAF; SIGMET; AIRMET; and volcanic ash advisories.
When is an alternate airport required for IFR flights (Ref: 8.2.7)?
If destination weather is below minima 1 hour before/after ETA.
How is crosswind calculated for landing (Ref: 8.2.9)?
Compare aircraft limitations with reported wind components.
What defines “low visibility operations” (LVO) (Ref: 8.2.11)?
Takeoffs/landings with RVR < 400m or visibility < 800m.
What equipment is required for LVO (Ref: 8.2.13)?
Functional runway lighting; autoland systems; and HUDs (if applicable).
How are NOTAMs categorized for urgency (Ref: 8.2.15)?
Critical (immediate action); operational; or general information.
What is the “threshold crossing height” (TCH) for a non-precision approach (Ref: 8.2.17)?
Typically 50 ft above the runway threshold.
How is RVR converted to visibility (Ref: 8.2.19)?
RVR ≈ visibility in meters (e.g.; RVR 600m ≈ 600m).
What are VFR minima for Class G airspace (Ref: 8.2.21)?
Visibility ≥ 5 km; clear of clouds with surface in sight.
How is “ceiling” defined in weather reports (Ref: 8.2.23)?
The height of the lowest broken or overcast cloud layer.
What actions are taken if TAFs indicate thunderstorms en-route (Ref: 8.2.25)?
Re-route; delay; or cancel the flight.
How are volcanic ash encounters mitigated (Ref: 8.2.27)?
Avoid ash clouds; monitor engines; and land ASAP.
What is the “holdover time” for de-icing fluid (Ref: 8.2.29)?
Time fluid remains effective based on weather (e.g.; snow rate; temperature).
What are RNAV approach requirements (Ref: 8.2.31)?
Valid database; GPS integrity; and crew training.
How is runway slope accounted for in performance calculations (Ref: 8.2.33)?
Adjust takeoff/landing distances using performance charts.
What is the “climb gradient” requirement after takeoff (Ref: 8.2.35)?
Minimum 3.3% for twin-engine aircraft with engine failure.
How is temperature inversion handled in fuel planning (Ref: 8.2.37)?
Increase fuel reserves for potential icing or turbulence.
What defines “marginal weather” for diversion planning (Ref: 8.2.39)?
Alternates must have weather ≥ minima for the planned approach.
Scenario: Night cargo flight to a remote airport with fog (RVR 400m) and no ILS. Can you land (Ref: 8.2.1; 8.2.3)?
No. Verify operator’s approved minima (likely RVR 800m for non-precision night).
Scenario: NOTAMs indicate obstacles near the runway. Impact on takeoff (Ref: 8.2.15; 8.2.33)?
Recalculate takeoff distances or request a different runway.
What is “taxi fuel” (Ref: 8.3.1)?
Fuel used for ground operations before takeoff.
How is “trip fuel” calculated (Ref: 8.3.3)?
Based on route distance; winds; altitude; and aircraft consumption.
What is contingency fuel for IFR (Ref: 8.3.5)?
5% of trip fuel or 5 minutes holding; whichever is greater.
When is “alternate fuel” mandatory (Ref: 8.3.7)?
If destination weather is below minima or facilities are inadequate.
Define “final reserve fuel” (Ref: 8.3.9)?
30 minutes (piston) or 45 minutes (turbine) at holding speed.
What is “extra fuel” (Ref: 8.3.11)?
Additional fuel requested by the PIC for operational flexibility.
How is fuel planning adjusted for headwinds (Ref: 8.3.13)?
Increase trip fuel by 10-20% depending on wind strength.
What is a “minimum fuel” declaration (Ref: 8.3.15)?
Notification to ATC that fuel is critical but not yet an emergency.
How is fuel jettisoning conducted (Ref: 8.3.17)?
Over designated areas; at safe altitudes; using approved procedures.
What actions are taken if final reserve fuel is reached (Ref: 8.3.19)?
Land at the nearest suitable airport and declare an emergency.
How are fuel leaks managed in-flight (Ref: 8.3.21)?
Shut off affected system; recalculate fuel; and divert.
What is “tankering fuel” (Ref: 8.3.23)?
Carrying extra fuel to avoid refueling at expensive airports.
How is fuel temperature accounted for (Ref: 8.3.25)?
Ensure fuel does not freeze or cause waxing.
What is “fuel endurance” (Ref: 8.3.27)?
Total fuel covering taxi + trip + contingency + alternate + reserve.
When can alternate fuel be omitted (Ref: 8.3.29)?
Only if destination weather is ≥ minima and airport is adequate.
How is APU fuel consumption calculated (Ref: 8.3.31)?
Included in taxi fuel if used for ground operations.
What is the procedure for fuel discrepancies (Ref: 8.3.33)?
Reconcile load sheets with actual uplift and log discrepancies.
How are fuel-saving techniques applied (Ref: 8.3.35)?
Use optimized altitudes and continuous descent approaches.
What defines “fuel exhaustion” (Ref: 8.3.37)?
Complete depletion of usable fuel; requiring emergency declaration.
How is fuel planning validated post-flight (Ref: 8.3.39)?
Compare planned vs. actual consumption and adjust future plans.
Scenario: ATC reroutes the flight; adding 200 NM. Contingency fuel exhausted. What do you do (Ref: 8.3.5; 8.3.15)?
Declare “minimum fuel” to ATC and divert.
Scenario: Alternate fuel was not loaded. Destination weather below minima. Action (Ref: 8.3.7; 8.3.19)?
Declare emergency and divert to nearest suitable airport.
What steps are taken when declaring an emergency (Ref: 8.4.1)?
Notify ATC; use “Mayday” or “Pan-Pan”; follow checklists.
How should smoke in the cockpit be handled (Ref: 8.4.3)?
Don oxygen masks; initiate smoke removal; prepare for landing.
What is required for post-emergency reporting (Ref: 8.4.5)?
Submit a written report to the operator within 24 hours.
When can a PIC deviate from ATC instructions in an emergency (Ref: 8.4.7)?
Immediately if necessary for safety; notify ATC ASAP.
What equipment must be checked pre-flight for emergencies (Ref: 8.4.9)?
Life vests; fire extinguishers; ELTs; and oxygen systems.
What defines a ditching procedure (Ref: 8.4.11)?
Emergency water landing with passenger briefing and ELT activation.
How are medical emergencies handled mid-flight (Ref: 8.4.13)?
Administer first aid; consult medlink; and divert if necessary.
What is the protocol for decompression events (Ref: 8.4.15)?
Don oxygen masks; descend to 10,000 ft; and divert.
How are hijacking threats managed (Ref: 8.4.17)?
Follow operator security protocols; notify ATC discreetly.
What is the procedure for a rejected takeoff (Ref: 8.4.19)?
Apply maximum braking; evacuate if necessary; and notify ATC.
How is a cabin depressurization managed (Ref: 8.4.21)?
Don oxygen masks; initiate emergency descent; and land ASAP.
What actions follow a bird strike (Ref: 8.4.23)?
Inspect for damage; declare emergency if needed; and land.
How is an engine fire extinguished (Ref: 8.4.25)?
Cut fuel/electrical supply; discharge fire extinguishers.
What defines an emergency evacuation (Ref: 8.4.27)?
Immediate exit of passengers/crew using slides or exits.
How are emergency frequencies monitored (Ref: 8.4.29)?
Guard 121.5 MHz and company frequencies continuously.
What is the procedure for landing gear failure (Ref: 8.4.31)?
Follow abnormal gear extension checklist; prepare for belly landing.
How is a hydraulic failure managed (Ref: 8.4.33)?
Use alternate systems; adjust flight controls; and land ASAP.
What actions follow a TCAS RA (Ref: 8.4.35)?
Comply immediately and notify ATC.
How is an electrical failure managed (Ref: 8.4.37)?
Prioritize essential systems; use backup power; and divert.
What is the protocol for a bomb threat (Ref: 8.4.39)?
Evacuate; notify authorities; and follow security checklist.
Scenario: Cabin fire warning activates mid-flight. What is the procedure (Ref: 8.4.3)?
Don oxygen masks; suppress fire; descend; and divert.
Scenario: Bomb threat after landing. Protocol (Ref: 8.4.9)?
Evacuate; notify authorities; follow security checklist.
How are safety hazards reported (Ref: 8.5.7)?
Via the operator’s safety management system (SMS).
What is the retention period for flight records (Ref: 8.8.4)?
At least 12 months unless specified otherwise.
How are incidents investigated (Ref: 8.5.9)?
Through root cause analysis and corrective action plans.
What is a “safety risk assessment” (Ref: 8.5.11)?
Evaluation of hazards and implementation of mitigations.
How are safety audits conducted (Ref: 8.5.13)?
Regular internal/external reviews of operational compliance.
What defines a “just culture” policy (Ref: 8.5.15)?
Non-punitive reporting of errors to encourage transparency.
How are safety trends analyzed (Ref: 8.5.17)?
Review incident reports; SMS data; and audit findings.
What training is required for SMS (Ref: 8.5.19)?
Crew and staff must complete SMS awareness training.
How are safety bulletins disseminated (Ref: 8.5.21)?
Via email; crew portals; or briefings.
What is a “safety action group” (Ref: 8.5.23)?
Team responsible for reviewing incidents and proposing fixes.
How are passenger complaints handled (Ref: 8.5.25)?
Logged in SMS; investigated; and addressed.
What is a “safety performance indicator” (Ref: 8.5.27)?
Metrics like incident rates used to gauge safety performance.
How are near-misses reported (Ref: 8.5.29)?
Through SMS within 24 hours of occurrence.
What is a “safety case” (Ref: 8.5.31)?
Documented analysis proving a new procedure meets safety standards.
How are third-party vendors assessed for safety (Ref: 8.5.33)?
Audits; contracts requiring compliance; and performance reviews.
What defines a “safety culture” (Ref: 8.5.35)?
Shared commitment to prioritizing safety over operational goals.
How are safety recommendations tracked (Ref: 8.5.37)?
In a database with deadlines and responsible parties.
What is a “safety review board” (Ref: 8.5.39)?
Senior team reviewing SMS effectiveness and trends.
How are emergency drills conducted (Ref: 8.5.41)?
Regular simulated scenarios (e.g.; fire; evacuation).
What is the role of a safety officer (Ref: 8.5.43)?
Oversee SMS implementation and incident investigations.
Scenario: Crew member forgets to log a minor defect. Repercussions (Ref: 8.5.7; 8.8.4)?
Submit late entry and SMS report. Failure breaches compliance.
Scenario: Passenger slips on wet floor. Reporting required (Ref: 8.5.7)?
Document in SMS and notify operator.
What defines MEL compliance (Ref: 8.7.3)?
Aircraft must operate within MEL restrictions approved by the authority.
How are deferred defects documented (Ref: 8.7.25)?
In the technical log with corrective action timelines.
What is a “Category A” MEL item (Ref: 8.7.5)?
Items that must be repaired within 24 hours.
Can a flight proceed with inoperative GPS for RNAV approaches (Ref: 8.7.7)?
No. Select alternates with conventional approaches.
What is a “Master Minimum Equipment List” (MMEL) (Ref: 8.7.9)?
Baseline list of equipment allowed inoperative; approved by EASA.
How are MEL time limits enforced (Ref: 8.7.11)?
Defects must be repaired within the specified interval (e.g.; 10 days).
What is a “No Dispatch” MEL item (Ref: 8.7.13)?
Items that prohibit flight until repaired.
How is MEL compliance verified pre-flight (Ref: 8.7.15)?
Cross-check technical log and MEL for deferred defects.
What is a “Configuration Deviation List” (CDL) (Ref: 8.7.17)?
List of missing secondary airframe parts (e.g.; fairings).
Can MEL items be deferred multiple times (Ref: 8.7.19)?
Only if the MEL allows repetitive deferrals within time limits.
How are MEL updates communicated to crews (Ref: 8.7.21)?
Via revised manuals; bulletins; or electronic updates.
What defines “airworthiness directives” (ADs) (Ref: 8.7.23)?
Mandatory repairs/modifications issued by EASA.
How are temporary MEL revisions applied (Ref: 8.7.25)?
Via operator bulletins pending formal approval.
What is a “kangaroo court” review (Ref: 8.7.27)?
Informal review of MEL compliance (non-regulatory term).
How are MEL discrepancies reported (Ref: 8.7.29)?
Via SMS and technical log entries.
What is a “Minimum Equipment List” vs. “Master MEL” (Ref: 8.7.31)?
MMEL is EASA-approved; MEL is operator-specific.
How are MEL items categorized (Ref: 8.7.33)?
By system (e.g.; navigation; hydraulics) and repair urgency.
Can MEL deferrals affect insurance coverage (Ref: 8.7.35)?
Yes; if operations violate MEL restrictions.
How are MEL training requirements fulfilled (Ref: 8.7.37)?
Annual crew training on MEL use and limitations.
What is the procedure for recurring MEL defects (Ref: 8.7.39)?
Investigate root cause and implement permanent fixes.
Scenario: Cracked windshield deferred. Forecast turbulence. Precautions (Ref: 8.7.5)?
Limit altitude and avoid turbulence.
Scenario: APU inoperative under MEL. Impact on ground ops (Ref: 8.7.3)?
Use external power/air and document in MEL.
What are VFR minima in Class G airspace (Ref: 8.2.21)?
Visibility ≥ 5 km; clear of clouds with surface in sight.
How is volcanic ash mitigated (Ref: 8.2.27)?
Avoid ash clouds; monitor engines; and land ASAP.
What is “ceiling” in weather reports (Ref: 8.2.23)?
The height of the lowest broken/overcast cloud layer.
How are SIGMETs used in flight planning (Ref: 8.2.25)?
To identify hazardous weather (e.g.; thunderstorms; turbulence).
What is a “TAF” (Ref: 8.2.5)?
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast: weather predictions for an airport.
How is “RVR” measured (Ref: 8.2.19)?
By transmissometers along the runway.
What defines “marginal weather” (Ref: 8.2.39)?
Conditions close to operational minima requiring extra caution.
How is “wind shear” identified (Ref: 8.2.41)?
Through PIREPs; onboard radar; or ATC alerts.
What is a “METAR” (Ref: 8.2.5)?
Aviation routine weather report for an airport.
How is “icing severity” categorized (Ref: 8.2.43)?
Trace; light; moderate; or severe.
What is a “SIGMET” (Ref: 8.2.25)?
Weather advisory for en-route hazards (e.g.; turbulence; ash).
How are AIRMETs different from SIGMETs (Ref: 8.2.45)?
AIRMETs cover moderate hazards (e.g.; turbulence; icing) for smaller areas.
What is a “convective SIGMET” (Ref: 8.2.47)?
Advisory for thunderstorms; hail; or tornadoes.
How is “visibility” reported in METAR (Ref: 8.2.49)?
In meters or statute miles; depending on region.
What is a “TEMPO” in a TAF (Ref: 8.2.51)?
Temporary fluctuations in weather (e.g.; showers).
How is “cloud cover” categorized (Ref: 8.2.53)?
FEW (1-2 oktas); SCT (3-4); BKN (5-7); OVC (8).
What is a “PROB” in a TAF (Ref: 8.2.55)?
Probability of weather occurring (e.g.; PROB30).
How is “freezing level” determined (Ref: 8.2.57)?
From temperature and humidity data in weather reports.
What is a “tropical cyclone advisory” (Ref: 8.2.59)?
Warning for hurricanes/typhoons affecting flight routes.
How is “pressure altitude” calculated (Ref: 8.2.61)?
By adjusting altimeter setting to 29.92 inHg/1013 hPa.
Scenario: SIGMET warns turbulence at FL350. Flight at FL360. Proceed (Ref: 8.2.25)?
Yes; but monitor and request altitude changes.
Scenario: TAF shows thunderstorms 2 hours post-ETA. Alternate needed (Ref: 8.2.7)?
Yes. Weather must be ≥ minima at ETA ±1 hour.
Who has final flight authority (Ref: 8.1.3)?
The pilot-in-command (PIC).
How is crew fatigue managed (Ref: 8.1.15)?
Follow EASA FTL regulations with rest tracking.
What is required for crew resource management (CRM) (Ref: 8.9.1)?
Training in communication; decision-making; and teamwork.
How are crew qualifications verified (Ref: 8.1.5)?
Check licenses; medical certificates; and training records.
What is the co-pilot’s role during emergencies (Ref: 8.4.1)?
Assist the PIC with checklists; communications; and systems.
How are crew duty times logged (Ref: 8.1.15)?
In electronic or paper logs; reviewed by the operator.
What defines “crew pairing” (Ref: 8.9.3)?
Assignment of crew members to specific flights/duties.
How is crew conflict resolved (Ref: 8.9.5)?
Through CRM principles and PIC final authority.
What training is required for new aircraft types (Ref: 8.9.7)?
Type rating courses; simulator sessions; and line checks.
How are crew briefings conducted pre-flight (Ref: 8.1.5)?
Cover weather; NOTAMs; fuel; MEL; and emergency roles.
What is the procedure for crew incapacitation (Ref: 8.1.17)?
Remaining crew assumes duties and diverts if necessary.
How are crew uniforms regulated (Ref: 8.9.9)?
Per operator policy and professional standards.
What is required for crew language proficiency (Ref: 8.1.37)?
ICAO Level 4 or higher in the language used for ATC.
How are crew meals managed during long flights (Ref: 8.1.15)?
Scheduled rest periods and meal breaks per FTL.
What is a “crew rest facility” (Ref: 8.9.11)?
Designated area for sleep on ultra-long-haul flights.
How are crew vaccinations verified (Ref: 8.9.13)?
Records must be current and submitted to the operator.
What is the procedure for crew alcohol testing (Ref: 8.9.15)?
Random testing per operator and regulatory requirements.
How are crew performance reviews conducted (Ref: 8.9.17)?
Annual assessments covering technical and CRM skills.
What defines “crew deadheading” (Ref: 8.9.19)?
Crew traveling as passengers to/from duty stations.
How are crew grievances handled (Ref: 8.9.21)?
Through formal reporting channels and HR processes.
Scenario: Co-pilot disagrees with PIC’s decision to fly into marginal weather. Resolve (Ref: 8.1.3)?
PIC has final authority but must prioritize safety.
Scenario: Duty time exceeded due to delays. Reporting (Ref: 8.1.15)?
Log exceedance; submit fatigue report.
