EAS 1310 Midterm Flashcards
Modules 1-8
uses of water
70% agriculture, 30% domestic & industrial
what percent of water is freshwater?
3%
what percent of water is readily available?
1%
freshwater distribution depends on…
climate & latitude
what are some pressures on our water?
population growth, living standards, urbanization, climate & most disruptive = climate change
what is water sanitation?
water quality
what is water stress?
water overuse
what other problem is there for water?
hydrological cycle is becoming irregular
what was the 1st water management?
dawn of agriculture (civilization - 10,000 ya)
why did water management become a problem when civilizations started to settle?
overpopulation, overuse, quality
where did civilizations start?
river valleys
how was water quality determined for hunters and gatherers?
senses, taste, smell
where was the 1st distribution of water?
fertile crescent
where was water law founded?
hamurabi code
OPEN ENDED QUESTION 1: explain the most important steps in water management
1st water management
1st types of canals or distribution
1st types of filtering
1st concepts of cleanliness
1st agriculture engineers
1st water management
started w 1st civilizations in fertile crescent & iran (10,000 ya)
1st types of canals or distribution
aquaducts, channels, qanats
1st types of filtering
sand & charcoal for the Greeks
1st concepts of cleanliness
greeks: foundations & romans: baths
1st agriculture engineers
chinese & arabs
where was the first water closet?
london
what were the first toilets made out of & where?
clay & crete
what was the mayans relationship w water?
complex - civilization collapsed when there was a drought & they had to abandon it
3 characteristics of water
moderates temperature, retains heat, dissolves/transports nutrients
what do people call water?
universal solvent
specific heat of water
1 cal/g/C
colligative properties
depend on concentration of ions & salinity of water
salinity
amount of dissolved solids
T or F: water is the only substance that can be found in liquid, solid & gas
TRUE
surface tension
molecules bind, allows for capillary action for water to travel up stems
how does capillary action happen?
cohesion & adhesion
what is the coldest it can be at bottom of any body of water?
3.98 deg C
hydrological cycle
rates of evapo and precip
big bang theory
theory of relativity & doppler effect - distance between stars is increasing
when was the universe formed?
15 BYA
when was earth formed?
4.5 BYA
OPEN-ENDED QUESTION 2: where did water come from? and what did it provoke?
appeared 3.7 BYA in the 2ndary atmosphere, produced life in the hydrothermal vents of the ocean
how many atmospheres are there?
3: primordial, secondary (has water), modern
what is wind?
air from high to low pressure
where does energy come from?
the sun
T OR F? global heat budget & thermal equilibrium
FALSE
T OR F? the greenhouse effect = natural phenomena
TRUE
coriolis effect
deflection of winds right in north and left in south
OPEN-ENDED QUESTION 3: why are there rainforests in the west of the ocean basins and deserts in the east?
deserts are in 30 DEG latitude which means HIGH pressure
trade winds blow from east to west (rains in water when they hit)
what is precipitation?
any water from sky
watershed, drainage basins, catchments
waters flows in same direction to same point
factors that determine watersheds…
land use, topography, soil type, size & shape
underground water types
juvenile (in mantle), meteoric & fossil (sedimentary)
which underground water type is readily available?
meteoric
acquitards vs. acquifiers
tard: no groundwater
fiers: groundwater
T OR F? Confined aquifer is overused it can produce a sink hole
TRUE
source of rivers
surface, groundwater
how are rivers produced?
overwash, downcutting, channel formation then river
functions of rivers
lowers temperature, transports nutrients, reduces floods, increases biodiversity, increases water quality
types of rivers
straight, braided, anastomosing, meandering
longest river
nile
most abundant river
amazon
T OR F? All continents have rivers.
FALSE
do dams have environmental impacts?
YES
vertical mixing
brings nutrients to the surface
Eutropication events
too many nutrients - fish kills
OPEN-ENDED QUESTION 4: why are aquatic environments important to conserve?
formed by streams, rivers, lakes, wetlands
different in latitude
they’re diff in diff latitudes
functions of them: areas of recharge into groundwater
impacts: dredging & damning
example of good quality river: Manzanares
permaculture
create self-sufficient ecosystems by mimicking the patterns and relationships found in nature
