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Calamities > Earthquakes > Flashcards

Earthquakes Flashcards

1
Q

When was the Assam Earthquake?

A

12th June 1897

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2
Q

What was the magnitude of the Assam Earthquake?

A

8.8 on Richter Scale

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3
Q

What was the death toll in the Assam Earthquake?

A

Over 1,500

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4
Q

What were the immediate effects of Assam Earthquake?

A
  1. Buildings destroyed
  2. Communications stopped
  3. Destruction of food supplies
  4. Floods as banks of rivers opened
  5. Roads destroyed
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5
Q

What was the effect of floods after Assam Earthquake? (4) (source)

A
  1. Crops destroyed
  2. Villages flooded
  3. Sand deposits on land
  4. Difficult to access medical care
    (The Effects of the Assam Earthquake, The Times of India, March 1898)
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6
Q

How did Viceroy Lord Curzon respond to Assam earthquake? (2) (source)

A
  1. Visited affected area in March 1900
  2. Said that government prioritised famine and so expenditure would mostly be diverted there
    (‘Foreign Telegrams: Lord Curzon’s Visit to Assam’, The Guardia, March 1900)
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7
Q

In the immediate aftermath, how did people find shelter? (source)

A

Stayed in native’s huts made of bamboo and thatch

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8
Q

What was Shillong?

A

Shillong was summer capital of Bengal until 1874 and capital of Assam thereafter

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9
Q

Why was Assam politically important?

A

The retreat of a powerful tea-planter community

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10
Q

What was state involvement like after Assam earthquake? (source)

A

Marginal presence of state or charity. The major response to the events consisted of the Viceroy’s relief fund, in which voluntary donations were made by the departments of the state and by individuals
(Tirthankar Roy, Natural Disasters and Indian History, 2012)

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11
Q

Why did the Assam earthquake prompt wage growth?

A

Greater demand for workers to rebuild cities and towns.

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12
Q

What was the impact of the Assam earthquake on rents?

A

Higher rents and harder lease terms

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13
Q

What was the cost of repairs for destruction to government buildings in Assam earthquake? (source)

A

Almost thirteen lakhs of rupees
(Cyrus David Foss, From the Himalayas to the equator; letters, sketches. and addresses, giving some account of a tour in India and Malaysia, 1899)

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14
Q

Why does T. Roy argue that the events in Assam were not of central political importance?

A

The earthquake struck in an area with a relatively low population.

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15
Q

How did one European complain about the rise in wages and prices in town after the Assam earthquake?

A

It seems hard, that the coolies should be allowed to profit so immensely by our misfortunes

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16
Q

When was the Gujarat earthquake?

A

26 January 2001

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17
Q

What was the magnitude of the Gujarat earthquake?

A

7.9 on Richter Scale

18
Q

How did buildings in Gujarat contribute to damage by the earthquake? (2) (source)

A
  1. The rapid pace of high-rise constructions taking place, often bypassing safety laws
  2. Chairman of India’s Housing and Development Corporation, V Suresh, says 80% of Indians build their own houses, without any help from architects or engineers
    (‘Quake Highlights Construction Fears’, BBC, January 2001)
19
Q

Why are there many high-rise buildings in India?

A

Space constraints and high population density

20
Q

How will city planners deal with violation of safety codes after the Gujarat earthquake?

A

Enforce and modify existing laws so that builders, architects, engineers and homeowners can be punished if violate safety codes.

21
Q

What was India’s second largest industrial region at the time of the Gujarat earthquake?

A

Gujarat

22
Q

What was the expected economic impact of the Gujarat earthquake? (6) (source)

A
  1. An economist: revenues will drop from one of India’s industrial centres as well as massive reconstruction and rehabilitation expenditure
  2. According to a preliminary estimate by the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), fixing damage to buildings and installations expected to cost 150 billion rupees (US$3.3 billion). India cannot afford this expense
  3. Industries such as pharmaceuticals, garments and cotton are expected to be severely affected because the earthquake hit rural areas hard
  4. Massive loss of life and injuries and trauma will hurt the state’s economy; absenteeism and consequent loss of production will cost at least 4 billion rupees a day, estimates the FICCI
  5. FICCI estimated that infrastructure losses would amount to 20-30 billion rupees—includes trapped telephone lines, broken electricity supplies and destroyed roads
  6. Earthquake abruptly halted a recent influx of foreign investment: January 2001, foreign investment funds introduced US$650 million into the Indian stock market; this was almost half the total amount they spent on Indian shares during the whole of the previous year
    (‘The Cost of India’s Quake’, BBC, 2 February 2001)
23
Q

How did the Indian government intend to raise funds to pay for relief from the Gujarat earthquake? (3)

A
  1. Give up the majority stake in the state-run telephone company, VSNL
  2. Economic assistance from abroad; government asked the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank for a US$1.5 billion loan to aid restructuring
  3. Tax surcharge
    (‘The Cost of India’s Quake’, BBC, 2 February 2001)
24
Q

What was life like four months after the Gujarat earthquake in Kotdi? (4) (source)

A
  1. Families still living in tents
  2. Not received aid
  3. Villagers unsure of what they’re entitled to and what to rebuild
  4. 600,000 people living in temporary shelters
    (Jill McGivering, ‘Gujarat: Rebuilding Shattered Lives’, BBC, June 2001)
25
Q

What was life like four months after the Gujarat earthquake in Bita Valadiya? (3) (source)

A
  1. Rebuilding just started; villagers using materials paid for by UK charity, Save the Children
  2. Villagers supposed to have earthquake-proof homes with low stone walls, but many new homes have high stone walls
  3. Residents worried about looming monsoon season
    (Jill McGivering, ‘Gujarat: Rebuilding Shattered Lives’, BBC, June 2001)
26
Q

Where is Kotdi?

A

A village in Kutch district in the state of Gujarat

27
Q

Where is Gujarat?

A

A state in north-western India

28
Q

Where is Bita Valadiya?

A

A village in Kutch district in the state of Gujarat

29
Q

Where is Kutch?

A

A district in Gujarat

30
Q

How many people did the Gujarat earthquake kill?

A

122,000

31
Q

How were boundaries of caste and class discarded in the post-earthquake period in Gujarat? (4)

A
  1. People helped each other by providing emotional support and pulling bodies from the rubble
  2. Concern for other people alive among survivors until international relief material arrived; due to poor management and distribution, concern dissipated
  3. Maheshwari, 2002: such social conditions lasted longer in rural than in urban areas … distribution of aid along caste lines led to community divide
  4. Over three years, norms and ethics of social lives resumed pre-earthquake positions
32
Q

What was the psychological impact of the Gujarat earthquake? (3) (source)

A
  1. Depression: Only two men in the study reported to have ‘sometimes’ gone out to earn or run a small business; social and religious activities infrequent and not well-attended
  2. Two years after the earthquake: state of suffering the same; 10/16 families, not much improvement found in emotional, cognitive, behavioural and social aspects since the first phase of the study
  3. Third stage: marginal improvement in behavioural and emotional aspects of some participants; started paying attention to their present-life situation
    (Kumar Ravi Patel, ‘Post-Quake Recovery in Urban Kachchh’, 2004)
33
Q

What were the social conditions like in temporary camps after the Gujarat earthquake? (source)

A

Temporary resettlement colonies based on caste or community, but people lacked a feeling of togetherness; perhaps because of conditioning in individualistic patterns of urban life
(Kumar Ravi Patel, ‘Post-Quake Recovery in Urban Kachchh, 2004)

34
Q

How was aid split along social lines? (source)

A

There were gross irregularities in the assessment of loss of property and distribution of relief packages due to the inaction of authorities and distribution of relief packages; survivors feel a deep sense of intra-community and intra-caste ‘economic divide’
(Maheshwari, 2002)

35
Q

What was a negative impact of relief funds on males? (4)

A
  1. Resulted in a lack of interest among males to work
  2. Male youths engaged in unrestrained behaviour
  3. Excessive expenditure on addictions like drinking
  4. Mother or wife often bears brunt of this behaviour
36
Q

How did Indian people respond to the Gujarat earthquake?

A
  1. Quake Relief Funds set up in all the states
  2. Financial support and relief supplies poured in from all over the country
  3. Relief camps set up by local voluntary organisations
  4. Large Indian business houses and other private organisations adopted rehabilitation of entire villages
  5. Shortly after the quake, British Indians raised £2 million within two hours
37
Q

What was the percentage of deaths in Kachchh as part of the total mortality?

A

More than 90%

38
Q

Did socio-economic changes in Kachchh have a positive or negative impact on survivors and what was this sharpened by? (source)

A 
A negative impact that was sharpened by class and caste distinctions in the distribution of compensation.
(K. Patel, Post-Quake Recovery in Urban Kachchh, 2004)
39
Q

How does M. Rutten criticise the government’s response to the Gujarat earthquake?

A

Indian and Gujarat government immediately fell short in the major task of coordinating rescue and relief effort.
(M. Rutten, Involvement and Indifference, 2001)

40
Q

How is M. Rutten hopeful for social change following the Gujarat earthquake?

A

Help and concern of Indian people for victims of Gujarat earthquake ‘a new and hopeful indication of a strengthening of civil society in India’
(M. Rutten, Involvement and Indifference, 2001)

Calamities (4 decks)

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