Earthquakes Flashcards
Haiti, 2010
- Event details
- Social impacts
- Economic impacts
- Mag: 7, 8 on Mercalli
- epicentre 25km away from capital Port-au-Prince
- 13km focus, v. shallow
- 52 aftershocks
Social costs:
- 217,000 dead
- 250000 homes collapsed, worsened by liquefaction
- destruction of sanitation systems = contamination of water, outbreaks of cholera
Economic costs:
- main port badly damaged, disrupting trade
- soil degradation due to liquefaction = damaged agri land
- damage bill was 120% of GDP at the time
What factors may have increased the vulnerability & decreased capacity to cope - Haiti 2010
- High poverty rates, more than 80% of pop in absolute poverty = lack of ability to invest in better education, healthcare & aseismic infrastructure.
- Government in debt to countries like France, Germany & Britain = unable to enforce building codes so many houses built to improper standards & in cramped conditions so dt rose bc more vulnerable to collapse.
What were some key management & response strategies - Haiti 2010
ST:
- initial aid v. slow to arrive bc port badly damaged
- rescue teams incl. 10,000 us troops = quick, victims accessed hc quicker
- emergency water supplies given to help combat the cholera epidemic
LT: slow responses = most from overseas
- new homes built to higher standard, more resistant = BUT after a yr still over 1 mil in temp accom.
Christchurch NZ, 2011
- Key details
- Social costs
- Economic costs
- Mag: 6.3
- v shallow = 5km focus
- epicentre = 10km SE from business centre
Social:
- 185 dead, 60% due to CIV building collapse & fire
- 100,000 damaged buildings
- 80% sewage & water systems damaged
- liquefaction caused many blocked roads
Economic:
- $11 bn
- Tourist area Lancaster Park stadium = demolished
What factors may have increased the vulnerability & decreased cap to cope? - Christchurch NZ 2011
- physical location in the ring of fire where 90% of all eqs appear
- had previously experienced an EQ in 2010, damages increased bc not enough time to recover & rebuild
Key management and/or response strategies - Christchurch NZ, 2011
ST:
- Australia gave $ AUS 5 mil & 300 police
- many rescue teams from Japan, US, UK, Taiwan = reduced dt bc reach victims quicker
LT:
Land zoning = split into 4 categories based on damage lvls, easier to rebuild
- GEONET set up to monitor EQs
Chile, 2010
- Key details
- Social Costs
- Economic costs
Mag: VERY HIGH 8.8
- lasted 3+ minutes
- 85km deep focus
Social:
- 500 dead
- 56 hospitals destroyed
- Santiago Airport v. damaged = hard for supplies to reach the country
Economic:
- 53 ports damaged = trade links damaged
- $ 30 bn in damages
What factors may have increased/decreased the vulnerability & reduced/increased cap 2 cope? - Chile 2010
- Quite well devt country = 41st on HDI & 38th highest global GDP = enabled the country to have well invested response plans
- Frequency of EQ in Chile = pop. well-versed in how to act
However:
- Physical location = v. mountainous = landslides rate a huge risk
Key management/response strategies - Chile, 2010
ST:
- international support given in the form of field hospitals & floating bridges = crucial in keeping dt low, but Chile not reliant on foreign aid
- w/in 24hrs temp. repairs made to the N/S highway
- power & water restored to 90% w.in 10 days
LT:
govt launched housing recon. 1 month after, helped 200,000 but took 4 yrs
Nepal, 2015
- Key details
- Social costs
- Economic costs
- Mag: 7.8
- Violent 7.3 aftershcok which claimed more lives
- focus: 8.2km, v. shallow & damaging
- Epicentre 80km from Capital
- Huge avalanches triggered in Himalayas which blocked aid
- Landslides blocked rivers incr. flood risk
Social:
- 9000 dead
- 3 mil homeless
- food shortages i.e. riceseed
Econ:
- $ 10.5 bn, est. 9-50% of GDP
- riceseed ruined = income loss
What factors may have increased vulnerability & decreased cap 2 cope? - Nepal, 2015
- Large mountain range = himalayas, v, prone to landslides etc which incr. dt
- large mag.
- Quite poor so somewhat ill prepared, 2019 17.4% of pop. multidimensionally poor
Key response & management strategies - Nepal, 2015
ST:
India & China gave $ 1 bn in aid
- GIS mapping helped coordinate response
LT: $ 33mn in grants
strict building codes enforced & invested in EQ resistant infrastructure
Sichuan, China, 2008
- Key details
- Social costs
- economic costs
- Mag: 8
- Epicentre 80km NW of capital
Social:
- 69000 dead
- 40 million homeless
Economic:
- $ 146 bn = most spent of repairing damage i.e. 400 dams
- destruction of 2 chem factories killed 32 mil farm animals
What factors may have increased vulnerability & decreased capacity to cope? - Sichuan, China 2008
- Very densely pop. = overcrowding could lead to higher deaths
- Govt corruption meant that school buildings not built to aseismic standards
Key response/management strategies - Sichuan, China, 2008
- Wenchuan EQ recovery project - generated funds from World Bank
- tot. $456 mil raised to repair infrastructure quicker
- 99% of recon. projects finished 2 yrs later
Turkey-Syria, 2023
- Key details
- Social costs
- Economic costs
- Mag: 7.8
- epicentre = outside of reg. capital
Social:
- 50000+ dead
- affected 15.73 mil
- 3 mil displaced in turkey
Economic:
- $34.2 bn worth
- catastrophic damage to agri land
What factors may have increase vulnerability & decreased cap 2 cope? - Turkey-Syria 2023
- Corrupt govt. let buildings contractors accept bribes = buildings not built to aseismic standards
- 2022 = 90% pop. below poverty line
Key response/management strategies - Turkey-Syria, 2023
ST: 216,000 RED CROSS volunteers providing for 65 million
- aid provided sanitation for 1 mil helping to decrease cholera deaths
Afghanistan, 2022
- Key details
- Social costs
- Economic costs
- Mag: 5.9
- 10 km focus
Social:
- 770 dead or, as Taliban claim, 1150
- 1900 homes destroyed
- hospitals damaged
Economic:
- destruction of 7 schools, econ. multiplier effect, unable to secure jobs
What factors may have increased vulnerability & decreased cap 2 cope? - Afghanistan, 2022
- mountainous = v. vulnerable to landslides
- On the alpine belt = 1 of most seismically active areas
- Taliban rule - vulnerable to hunger & econ. crises
Key management/response strategies - Afghanistan 2022
ST: Countries like Japan, Taiwan etc sent aid
- NGOS like WHO assessment tools to map out extent of damage to focus response
- EU humanitarian air bridge = 36 tonnes of life saving cargo
Morocco, 2023
- Key details
- Social costs
- Economic costs
- Mag: 6.8
- followed by 4.4 aftershock
- epicentre 70km away from capital
- shallow depth = 18.5km
- groundshaking
- landslides caused by heavy rainfall
Social:
- 3000+ dead
- 31000 homes collapsed, will take 6 yrs to build 500
- hospitals v. badly damaged and 18 dead due to typhoid & cholera outbreaks
Econ:
- damages up to 8% of GDP
- Plans to spend at least $ 11.7 bn in reconstruction
What factors may have increased vulnerability and decreased cap 2 cope? - Morocco 2023
- at least 6 % of pop in poverty
- Large mag & aftershocks compounded the effects
Key management/response strategies - Morocco, 2023
ST:
temp. latrines, water purification tablets given
- hospitals given hygiene supplies to reduce cholera spread & strain on supply
- foreign donations from France, Uk etc reduced dt
- some foreign aid delayed = increasing dt
LT: Project HOPE providing water etc
