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Earth Science > Earth Science Test > Flashcards

Earth Science Test Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of Igneous Rocks?

A

Extrusive (volcanic)
Intrusive (Plutonic)

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2
Q

Rocks that form on Earth’s surface

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

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3
Q

Rocks that have small crystals (fine grained)

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

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4
Q

Rocks that cool quickly

A

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

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5
Q

Rocks that cool slowly

A

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

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6
Q

Rocks that form below Earth’s surface

A

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

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7
Q

Rocks with large crystals (coarse grained)

A

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

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8
Q

Crystals that take a long time to cool

A

Large Crystals

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9
Q

Crystals that take a short time to cool

A

Small Crystals

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10
Q

70% silica - thick and viscous

A

Rhyolitic

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11
Q

Andesitic

A

60% silica

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12
Q

Rhyolitic

A

70% silica - thick and viscous

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13
Q

60% silica

A

Andesitic

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14
Q

Basaltic

A

50% silica - very hot and fluid

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15
Q

50% silica - very hot and fluid

A

Basaltic

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16
Q

What are the factors of magma

A

Temperature
Pressure
Water content
Mineral composition

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17
Q

Temperature

A

As depth increases:
temperature increases

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18
Q

Pressure

A

As pressure increases: melting point increases

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19
Q

Water Content

A

Water content increase:
melting point decreases

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20
Q

Mineral Composition

A

Oceanic crust (iron and magnesium) has a higher melting point.

Continental crust (silicon and aluminum) has a lower melting point

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21
Q

Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

Two patterns:

Feldspar Group
Iron-magnesium Group

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22
Q

Feldspar Group

A

Continuous change

As magma cools, the first feldspars are rich in calcium.

Cooling continues.

Feldspar reacts with magma and it turns to sodium rich.

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23
Q

Iron-Magnesium Group

A

While magma cools, olivine crystallizes.
Magma continues to cool, olivine changes to pyroxene.
Then pyroxene changes to amphibole, and then to biotite mica.

At the end, quartz veins will form because silica and oxygen are the only substances left to solidify.

24
Q

How are Igneous rocks formed

A

Formed from cooled and crystallized molten rock, either at the surface (lava) or deep underground (magma).

25
Q

How are Sedimentary rocks formed

A

Deposition and burial then compaction and cementation

26
Q

What are the two types of Sedimentary Rocks?

A

Clastic
Chemical

27
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

A

Classified by their particle size, usually deposited in marine environments

28
Q

Conglomerate

A

Rounded Particles
Poorly sorted/low porosity

29
Q

Breccia

A

Angular particles
Poorly sorted

30
Q

Sandstone

A

High porosity (open space)
Well sorted

31
Q

Siltstone

A

Silt sized grains, could have fossils
No distinct layers
Low porosity
Well Sorted

32
Q

Shale

A

Silt and shale sized grains, could have fossils
Breaks along distinct layers
Low porosity
Well sorted

33
Q

What are the 2 types of chemical sedimentary rocks

A

Formed from evaporation
Organic sedimentary rock

34
Q

Formed from evaporation

A

This occurs when the water is supersaturated with minerals and they begin to precipitate out of the solution. The process continues as the freshwater evaporates.

35
Q

Calcite

A

CaCO3

36
Q

CaCO3

A

Calcite

37
Q

Halite

A

NaCI

38
Q

NaCI

A

Halite

39
Q

Gypsum

A

CaSO4

40
Q

CaSO4

A

Gypsum

41
Q

Organic sedimentary rocks

A

Formed from once living things
EX (Limestone and Coal)

42
Q

Sorting

A

When limestone is separated by size or shape

43
Q

How is Graded Bedding

A

A change in sediment size from the bottom layer to the top. Generally large sediment on the bottom and small sediment on top.

44
Q

How is Cross-bedding

A

Formed in an environments where sediment is deposited in a flowing medium water source

45
Q

How are Ripple Marks formed

A

Formed from moving water or wave action

46
Q

Layering

A

When sediment is deposited usually in horizontal layers

47
Q

Fossils

A

Remains of evidence of a once living plant or animal usually found in shale or siltstone

48
Q

How are Metamorphic rocks formed

A

High pressure and temperature combine to alter texture, mineralogy, or chemical composition of a rock without melting it

49
Q

Where does the heat that forms Metamorphic rocks come from

A

Earth’s core
Nearby Igneous intrusions

50
Q

Where does the pressure that forms Metamorphic rocks come from

A

Vertical rocks from overlying rocks
Compressive pressure from mountain building (orogeny)

51
Q

Contact Metamorphism

A

When molten rock (igneous intrusions) comes in contact with solid rock

52
Q

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

A

When very hot water reacts with rocks and alters its chemistry and mineralogy

53
Q

Shale is the parent rock of what

A

Slate

54
Q

Granite is the parent rock of what

A

Gneiss

55
Q

Sandstone is the parent rock of what

A

Quartzite

56
Q

Limestone is the parent rock of what

A

Marble

57
Q

Shale is the parent rock of what

A

Schist

Earth Science (3 decks)

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