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Earth Science Semester Review > Earth Science Semester Exam Review > Flashcards

Earth Science Semester Exam Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Factors that are changed by a researcher during an experiment.

A

independent variable

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2
Q

a description, representation, or imitation of an object, system, process, or concept

A

model

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3
Q

an explanation that is consistent with all existing tests and observations…often based on scientific laws

A

theory

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4
Q

a general statement that describes how the natural world behaves under certain conditions and for which no exceptions have been found

A

scientific law

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5
Q

If experimental results do not match their predictions, scientists generally will

A

revise their working hypothesis and retest

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6
Q

the true shape of the Earth

A

oblate spherioid

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7
Q

percent of Earth’s surface covered by water

A

71%

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8
Q

thin, solid, outermost zone of Earth

A

crust

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9
Q

the lower boundary of the crust

A

Moho

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10
Q

layer of the earth that is under the crust and denser than the crust

A

mantle

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11
Q

center portion of earth that is composed mainly of iron and nickel

A

core

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12
Q

upper, cook, brittle part of the mantle and crust

A

lithosphere

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13
Q

less rigid portion of the mantle that displays plasticity

A

asthenosphere

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14
Q

deflects solar wind from entering Earth’s atmosphere

A

magnetosphere

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15
Q

force of attraction that exists between all matter in the universe

A

gravity

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16
Q

organized group of related objects or components that interact to create a whole

A

system

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17
Q

anything that has mass and volume

A

matter

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18
Q

the ability to do work

A

energy

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19
Q

Earth is considered this type of system

A

closed

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20
Q

the 4 interacting spheres that make earth a system

A

atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, geosphere

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21
Q

the approximate age of earth

A

4.6 billion years

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22
Q

the element that in gas form makes up 78% of Earth’s atmosphere, is used to build proteins and is gained when animals eat

A

nitrogen

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23
Q

the element that is essential in the formation of fuels and is necessary for life processes

A

carbon

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24
Q

the cycle of precipitation, evaporation, and condensation

A

water cycle

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25
Q

evapotranspiration

A

the process of water in gas form is evaporated or given off by plants and/or animals

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26
Q

how do scientists study deep within the earth?

A

seismic waves

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27
Q

what process drives volcanic activity on Earth’s surface?

A

convection

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28
Q

what is the source of heat inside the earth?

A

radioactive decay

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29
Q

what scientific principle states that energy can be transferred but that it cannot be created or destroyed?

A

Law of Conservation of Energy or the First Law of Thermodynamics

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30
Q

circles representing distance north or south of the equator…measured 0 to 90

A

parallels of latitude

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31
Q

each degree of latitude or longitude can be divided into 60 equal…..

A

minutes

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32
Q

a semicircle that runs from pole to pole

A

meridian

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33
Q

the angular distance, measured in degrees, east or west of the prime meridian…measured 0 to 180

A

longitude

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34
Q

a mapmaker

A

cartographer

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35
Q

type of map projection that would form a tube around the Earth

A

cylindrical

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36
Q

type of map projection that best shows the north and south poles

A

azimuthal projection

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37
Q

disadvantage of every type of map projection

A

distortion away from where the shape (cone, tube, flat paper) touches the globe

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38
Q

what are the 4 cardinal directions?

A

N, S, E, W

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39
Q

a point on a topographic map where the exact elevation has been measured

A

benchmark (BM)

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40
Q

used to show elevation on a topographic map

A

contour lines

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41
Q

the difference in elevation between contour lines

A

contour interval

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42
Q

every fifth contour line is bolder that the four lines on each side of it for ease in reading…the bold lines are called

A

index contour lines

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43
Q

the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest points of an area being mapped

A

relief

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44
Q

represented by a closed contour line with hatchure marks

A

a depression

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45
Q

what happens to a contour line that crosses a stream or river

A

it makes a “V” shape that points in the direction the water is coming from

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46
Q

contour lines close together indicate a

A

steep slope

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47
Q

contour lines spread far apart indicate

A

flat land or a gentle slope

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48
Q

what is the longitude of the international date line?

A

180

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49
Q

on which continent is 20 S, 60 W located?

A

South America

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50
Q

on which continent is 40 N, 100 W

A

North Americal

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51
Q

on which continent is 90 S, 180 W

A

Antarctica

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52
Q

a substance that cannot be broken down into a simpler, stable substance

A

element

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53
Q

an observable characteristic of a substance

A

physical propert

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54
Q

the manner in which elements join to form compounds

A

chemical property

55
Q

smallest unit of matter

A

atom

56
Q

an atom with an altered number of neutrons making the atom unstable

A

isotope

57
Q

an atom that has gained or lost electrons

A

ion

58
Q

type of bond when atoms share electrons

A

covalent

59
Q

is soil an example of a solution, a compound, a mixture or an element

A

mixture

60
Q

a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties.

A

mineral

61
Q

what do minerals make?

A

Rocks

62
Q

type of mineral containing a combination of oxygen and silicon

A

silicate

63
Q

the crystalline structure made of 4 oxygen atoms arranged in a pyramid with one silicon atom in the center

A

silica tetrahedron

64
Q

property of a mineral that is easy to observe but unreliable because there can be many differences from one mineral to the next depending on other elements in the mineral

A

color

65
Q

color of the mineral in powdered form

A

streak

66
Q

how light is reflected from the surface of a mineral

A

luster

67
Q

reflects light like a polished metal

A

metallic luster

68
Q

glassy, waxy, pearly, dull, earthy, brilliant

A

nonmetallic luster

69
Q

the tendency of a mineral to split along specific planes of weakness to form smooth, flat surfaces

A

cleavage

70
Q

breaking unevenly

A

fracture

71
Q

the resistance of a mineral to scratching

A

hardness

72
Q

scale to measure mineral hardness

A

Moh’s hardness scale

73
Q

range of Moh’s hardness scale

A

0 to 10

74
Q

hardness of a diamond

A

10

75
Q

ratio of mass to volume

A

density

76
Q

crystal system with 3 axes of equal length and an intersection of 90 degrees

A

cubic

77
Q

the bending of waves

A

refraction

78
Q

containing carbon and is or once was living

A

organic

79
Q

a chart showing the order in which minerals form as magma solidifies

A

Bowen’s reaction series

80
Q

forming inside the earth and cooling slowly

A

intrusive

81
Q

forming outside the earth and cooling rapidly

A

extrusive

82
Q

type of crystals formed from slow cooling of magma

A

large

83
Q

type of magma from which basalt forms

A

mafic

84
Q

type of magma from which granite forms

A

felsic

85
Q

texture that has trapped gas pockets

A

vesicular

86
Q

texture of obsidian

A

glassy

87
Q

magma with a large silica composition

A

felsic

88
Q

magma with little or no silica

A

mafic

89
Q

igneous rocks that form underground

A

intrusive

90
Q

largest intrusion of magma, form the cores of many mountain ranges

A

batholith

91
Q

intrusions that cause the formation of small dome-shaped mountains on the surface

A

laccolith

92
Q

forms when magma flows between horizontal rock layers and hardens

A

sill (like a window sill)

93
Q

magma that has hardened in vertical fractures

A

dike

94
Q

a vent through which magma, gases, or volcanic ash is expelled

A

volcano

95
Q

igneous rock masses that form on Earth’s surface

A

extrusions

96
Q

the process in which sediment is squeezed and in which the size of the pore space between sediment grains is reduced by the weight and pressure of overlying layers

A

compaction

97
Q

process in which sediments are glued together by minerals that are deposited by water

A

cementation

98
Q

how geologists classify sedimentary rocks

A

by the processes by which the rock form and by the composition of the rock

99
Q

this type of sedimentary rock forms when the ions from dissolved minerals precipitate out of water because of changing concentrations of chemicals

A

chemical sedimentary rock

100
Q

rock that forms from the remains of living things

A

organic sedimentary rock

101
Q

rock that forms when fragments of preexisting rocks are compacted or cemented together

A

clastic sedimentary rock

102
Q

how clastic sedimentary rocks are classified

A

sediment size

103
Q

the tendency for currents of air or water to separate sediments according to size

A

sorting

104
Q

what is the main determinant in the physical characteristics of sediments?

A

the way they were transported to the place where they are deposited

105
Q

what impact does being transported a great distance by water have on a sediment

A

it gets smaller and rounder

106
Q

layering of sedimentary rock

A

stratification

107
Q

stratified layers are called….

A

beds

108
Q

sedimentary rocks that are characterized by slanting rock layers are called….

A

cross-beds

109
Q

occurs when different sizes and shapes of sediment settle to different levels

A

graded bedding

110
Q

a change in the texture, structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to contact with magma

A

contact metamorphism

111
Q

a change in the texture,structure, or chemical composition of a rock due to changes in temperature and pressure over a large area, generally as a result of tectonic forces

A

regional metamorphism

112
Q

the metamorphic rock texture in which mineral grains are arranged in planes or bands as in schist or gneiss

A

foliation

113
Q

metamorphic rocks that do not have bands or aligned minerals

A

nonfoliated

114
Q

what are the 3 factors that affect whether rock melts?

A

temperature, pressure, and the presence of fluids in rock (such as water)

115
Q

what determines rock texture for igneous rock

A

rate of magma cooling

116
Q

what type of rock contains fossils?

A

sedimentary

117
Q

a natural material whose concentration of economically valuable minerals is high enough for the material to be mined profitably

A

ore

118
Q

many think mineral veins in a small area

A

lode

119
Q

a deposit that contains a valuable mineral that has been concentrated by mechanical action such as deposition by water

A

placer deposit

120
Q

a resource that forms at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which the resource is consumed

A

nonrenewable resource

121
Q

a nonrenewable energy resource formed from the remains of organisms that lived long ago

A

fossil fuel

122
Q

fossil fuels consist primarily of compounds of carbon and hydrogen called

A

hydrocarbons

123
Q

what are the 4 stages of coal formation?

A

peat then lignite then bituminous coal then anthracite (pg. 172)

124
Q

what causes the changes in the type of coal that is formed?

A

how much water and gases are squeezed out of the peat

125
Q

what is the parent material of fossil fuels?

A

microorganisms and plants that died in shallow prehistoric oceans and lakes

126
Q

the process by which the nucleus of a heavy atom splits

A

nuclear fission

127
Q

the element used for nuclear fission

A

uranium - 235

128
Q

what cools fuel rods in a nuclear reactor?

A

circulating water

129
Q

type of nuclear reaction that takes place in the sun

A

nuclear fusion (joining of atoms)

130
Q

a natural resource that can be replaced at the same rate that it is consumed

A

renewable resource

131
Q

In Iceland, 85% of the homes are heated by which type of renewable energy?

A

geothermal

132
Q

energy from the sun that can be harnessed by both passive and active methods

A

solar

133
Q

the preservation and wise use of natural resources to ensure that they last longer

A

conservation

134
Q

scientists estimate that worldwide coal reserves will last how long?

A

about 200 years

Earth Science Semester Review (1 decks)

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