Earth Science Flashcards
a mixture of minerals,
organic matter, and water,
which is constantly being
formed by the weathering of
rocks.
Soil
It is one of our planet’s most
important natural resources.
Soil
Each layer of the soil is
represented by a (BLANK)
Soil Horizon
For Agriculture, Soil provides
(BLANK) and an (BLANK) to the
roots of plants and is therefore
essential to their healthy growth
and yield of food.
nutrients and an anchor
Soils can assimilate and remove
low levels of contamination, thus
it is useful for (BLANK)
waste treatment
FOUR stages of SOIL FORMATION.
- Soil begins to form
- Simple Organisms
- Horizons Form
- Well-developed Soil
Soil Formation is affected by? (FIVE factors)
Organisms, Topography, Time, Climate, and Parent Material
indicates the relative content
of particles of various sizes, such as sand,
silt and clay in the soil.
Soil Texture
influences the ease with which soil
can be worked, the amount of water and
air it holds, and the rate at which water
can enter and move through soil.
Texture
For Agriculturists and farmers,
determining the (BLANK) for
specific crops and plants is important.
Soil Texture
Soils with good water retention
capacity with high amount of
clay and organic matter are
ideal for (BLANK).
What Cultivation?
rice cultivation
(BLANK) are preferred for early crops of cabbage, corn and carrots.
What Loams?
Sandy loams
Blue planet or the blue
marble
Water on the Earth
What is Water?
✓ Could be in liquid, solid or gaseous
form.
✓ Water has a neutral pH.
✓ Water is a good conductor of heat
and energy.
✓ Water has high specific capacity.
✓ Water is a universal solvent.
Up to how many percent of the human adult body is water?
60%
About 30.1% of freshwater is
found (BLANK). This water
is stored in spaces between
rocks and soil and can be
accessed through wells.
underground (groundwater)
About 68.7% of all freshwater is frozen in (BLANK) and (BLANK) , mostly in Antarctica and Greenland.
glaciers and ice caps
A small amount of freshwater
(about 1.2%) is found in (BLANK),
(BLANK), and (BLANK). This is
the most easily accessible
water for humans and wildlife.
in rivers, lakes, and wetlands.
What is an aquifer?
body of rock and sediment that’s saturated. water is in it and around it. It is not an underground river or lake.
(BLANK) are natural resources of water that are potentially useful.
Water resources
This refers to all water flowing in
a channel, regardless of its size.
STREAM
The term (BLANK) is commonly used
for any large stream fed by
smaller ones, called tributaries.
river
A (blank) is a body of water that is
surrounded by land.
Lake
- is located below the
surface of the earth in
spaces between rock and
soil. - It is the largest reservoir
of liquid fresh water on
Earth. - It constitutes about
30.1% of the total fresh
water.
GROUND WATER
(BLANK) are naturally occurring spring of water that is warmed by heat within the Earth.
HOTSPRINGS
(BLANK) are hot springs that intermittently spouts jets of steam and hot water.
GEYSERS
(BLANKS) are areas that are permanently or seasonally saturated by water, enough to support vegetation that can adapt to saturated soil conditions.
WETLANDS
✓ as water purification
systems to regulate water
flow and precipitation,
and act as a flood control
system
✓ provide shoreline stability
✓ serve as reservoirs of
biodiversity
This is the other functions of a (BLANK).
WETLANDS
the power that allows things to happen
and the ability to do work.
Energy
refer to the means by which we generate
power to meet our needs.
Energy sources
(BLANK) are available plentiful in nature and are sustainable.
What type of energy?
Renewable sources of energy
These resources of energy can be naturally
replenished and are safe for the
environment.
What type of energy?
Renewable sources of energy
The sun gives off light and heat energy, and we can use special panels called solar
panels to capture the sun’s energy and turn it into electricity. It’s like using the sun’s power!
What type of energy?
Solar Energy
built to absorb and store the sun’s heat directly.
Passive Solar Heating
In (BLANK) systems, solar thermal collectors absorb the sun’s energy and use it to heat
water. Pumps then circulate the hot water directly for washing and bathing. Solar thermal collectors are becoming increasingly popular
worldwide, with an estimated total capacity of more than 450 million square meters.
Active Solar Heating
A (BLANK) produces electricity directly from the sunlight. A modern solar cell is a semiconductor, a device that can conduct electrical current under some conditions but not others. Sunlight energized electrons in the semiconductor producing an electric current.
Electricity Production by Solar Cells
The wind blows all around us, and we can use wind turbines to capture the (BLANK) and convert it into electricity. It’s like a big
fan that creates electricity when it spins.
What type of energy?
Wind Energy
(BLANK) production is growing rapidly because the construction of wind generators is cheaper than building new fossil fuel-fired power
plants. (BLANK) is also clean and virtually limitless. Worldwide,the wind is the second-fastest- growing source of energy and many countries are rapidly investing in new wind farms.
What type of energy?
Wind energy
This is the energy extracted from Earth’s internal heat.
What type of energy?
Geothermal Energy
The (BLANK) is the
world’s second-largest
producer of geothermal
energy
Philippines
If a river is dammed, the energy of water dropping downward through the dam
can be harnessed to turn turbines that produce electricity.
What type of energy?
Hydroelectric Energy
(BLANK) is made from organic materials like wood, plants, or waste.
Biomass
We can burn these materials
to release energy or turn
them into a gas called (BLANK)
biogas
- A natural resource that is found underneath
the earth. - These type of energy resources do not
replenish at the same speed at which it is
used. They take millions of years to replenish.
What type of energy?
Non-renewable Sources of Energy
are formed from ancient plants and animals that lived millions of years ago.
When we burn these fuels, they release energy that we can use to power things like cars, factories, and homes.
Fossil Fuels
(BLANK) are naturally occuring carbon compounds found in the Earth’s crust.
Fossil fuels
is a dark, solid rock that comes from the ground. We burn (BLANK) in power plants to make electricity and use it in some factories.
It’s like the fuel that makes our lights
turn on and our machines work.
What type of Fossil Fuel?
Coal
- solid fossil fuel that is hard, dark-colored, and rock-like in apperance
- readily-combustible
- has many uses
Coal
- (BLANK) started during the Carboniferous period.
- it takes million years to produce a (BLANK).
What formation?
Coal formation
Coals are from through the process of (BLANK)
Coalification
Coals are formed from (BLANK)
peats
is composed of dead plant matter, decaying organic matters or sometimes charcoal
Peat
A (BLANK) is lighter in color and softer than coal
lignite
(BLANK) a thick, dark liquid that we get from deep underground.
We use it to make gasoline for our cars, trucks, and airplanes. We also use it for heating our homes and making products like plastics.
Oil
- Liquid fossil fuel that is black, thick, and highly viscous
- Highly flammable
- Can be found in layers of rocks or tar sands
Oil (Petroleum)
- gaseous fossil fuel that is colorless, and highly flammable
- composed mainly of methane gas
Natural gas
THREE Steps of COAL FORMATION
- Burial of Dead Plant Materials
- Compaction
- Application of Pressure and High Temperature
THREE steps of Natural gas Formation
- Burial of Dead Marine Organisms
- Compaction
- Application of Pressure and High Temperature
During Mesozioc and Cenozoic era, oil and natural gas are often made from (BLANK) and (BLANK)
diatoms and planktons
External Processes that occur at or near the surface of the Earth
Exogenic Processes
What are the driving force of Exogenic Processes?
Gravity and Solar Energy
the process of breaking down a land surface
Degradation
the process of building up a land surface.
Aggradation
The physical or chemical BREAKDOWN. Alteration of rocks at or near the Earth’s Surface
Weathering
SEVEN parts of a VOLCANO
Ash Cloud, Crater, Lava flow, Conduit, Sill, Cone, and Magma chamber
Breaking up large rocks into smaller fragments without changing the rock’s mineral composition.
What type of Weathering?
Physical Weathering
Caused by successive heating and cooling that causes the expansion and contraction of rocks.
What type of Physical Weathering?
Block Disintegration
The stripping of the outer layer of rocks due to intense heating
What type of Physical Weathering?
Exfoliation
alternate freezing and thawing of water inside the joints of the rocks, causing them to split into small particles or fragments. The
repeated expansion and contraction of water due to freezing and thawing forces cracks to open wider.
What type of Physical Weathering?
Frost Weathering
weakening or disintegration of rocks and the formation of new substances caused by chemical reactions.
What type of Weathering?
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
The result of the absorption or combination of
water and a particular substance on the rock, leading to a change in shape. Some rocks contains minerals that dissolve with water.
What type of Chemical Weathering?
Hydration
the process in which oxygen reacts with the rock and changes its mineral composition.
The rusting effect caused by oxidation often occurs in ferrous rocks.
What type of Chemical Weathering?
Oxidation
formation of various types of carbonates in
rocks. Rock materials react with carbonic acids, which dissolve minerals and break down rocks.
What type of Chemical Weathering?
Carbonation
disintegration of rocks caused by living organisms.
What type of Weathering?
BIOTIC WEATHERING
As the roots grow larger and thicker, they exert pressure on the rocks. The pressure acts as a wedge, widening and extending the cracks, breaking the rock into fragments. (BLANK) roots can penetrate soil and breakdown
rocks.
What type of Biotic Weathering?
Plants
They breakdown rocks through burrowing. The disintegrated rocks can easily be exposed to more intense processes or be eroded or
removed by other agents.
What type of Biotic Weathering?
Animals
An increase in (BLANK)
pollution results in an increase
amount of weathering agents in
soil, water and wind.
What type of Biotic Weathering?
Humans
Refers to downslope movement of rocks, regolith, and soil because of gravity.
MASS WASTING
when a piece of rock or mass of rocks become
dislodged and make free-fall along a steep.
What type of MASS WASTING?
ROCK FALLS
involves a mixture of soil regolith,
vegetation and rocks.
What type of MASS WASTING?
DEBRIS FALLS
Sudden fast
movement of cohesive mass of
soil, rock or regolith.
What type of MASS WASTING?
LANDSLIDES
Slurry (BLANK) consist
of a mixture of rocks with 20%
to 40% water. Granular Flows
contains 0 to 20% water.
What type of MASS WASTING?
FLOWS
(BLANK) is the wearing off the Earth’s surface
through forces of nature like the water, wind or ice that can move rocks from one place to another.
Soil Erosion or Erosion
Breaking down of rocks and minerals. (BLANK) causes the rock to break down
WEATHERING
The transport of rocks
and soil by wind, water, and other
agents. (BLANK) and transport
moves the sediments downhill to
another place
EROSION
- Occurs when eroded sedimentary material is being transported through carriers which is the water.
- It will settle out on the ground that will later accumulate/ thickens and forms another layer of the ground.
SEDIMENTATION
Internal Processes that occur beneath the Earth.
ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
What is the Driving force of ENDOGENIC PROCESSES?
thermal energy from the mantle and crust
The production and migration of magma.
What type of OF ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES?
MAGMATISM
The eruption of molten rock, hot gases, or solidified rock fragments from an opening “vent” in the Earth’s crust.
What type of OF ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES?
VOLCANISM/PLUTONISM
➢ A process that changes rock’s materials.
➢ This is a process on how metamorphic rocks are formed.
What type of OF ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES?
METAMORPHISM
➢ is a molten or semi-molten natural material that is found beneath the surface of the Earth.
➢ creates igneous rocks (BLANK)
➢ originates in the lower part of the Earth’s crust and in the upper portion of the mantle known as asthenosphere.
MAGMA
(BLANK) inside the Earth and (BLANK) on top of the Earth
MAGMA and LAVA
Formed when magma flows onto
the surface of the Earth, then
cools and harden
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
FORMATION → Volcanic Rocks
Formed when magma solidifies
beneath the Earth’s surface.
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
FORMATION → Plutonic Rocks
rock materials and texture change
because of heat.
What type of METAMORPHISM?
Contact Metamorphism
change of rocks composition in a large or more extensive area like mountain range that results to larger-scale action of heat and
pressure.
What type of METAMORPHISM?
Regional Metamorphism
➢ “Geologic Stress”
➢ These are the force that affects the
rocks behavior that can lead to the formation of new landforms.
ROCK STRESS
➢ a type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze against one another.
➢ Could be horizontally or vertically.
ROCKS BEHAVIOR TO STRESS
COMPRESSIONAL
➢ (BLANK) forces the rocks to pull
apart.
➢ (BLANK) can happen in two ways. Two separate plates can move farther away from each other, or the ends of one plate can move in different directions.
ROCKS BEHAVIOR TO STRESS
TENSIONAL OR TENSION
➢ The lateral movement of one rock surface against another.
➢ This motion alters the rocks, causing them to change shape as they slide against each other.
ROCKS BEHAVIOR TO STRESS
SHEAR
➢ When stress is applied to all sides of the crust.
➢ Crust become compact affecting its size.
ROCKS BEHAVIOR TO STRESS
CONFINING
FOUR types of EXOGENIC PROCESSES
Weathering, Mass Wasting, Erosion, and Sedimentation
THREE types of WEATHERING
Physical Weathering, Chemical Weathering, and Biotic Weathering
THREE types of PHYSICAL WEATHERING
Block Disintegration, Exfoliation, and Frost Weathering
THREE types of CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Oxidation, Hydration, Carbonation
THREE types of BIOTIC WEATHERING
Plants, Animals, and Humans
FOUR types of MASS WASTING
Rock falls, Debris falls, Landslides, and Flows
THREE types of ENDOGENIC PROCESSES
Magmatism, Volcanism, Metamorphism
TWO types of METAMORPHISM
Contact Metamorphism and Regional Metamorphism
