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OLGC 2ND QUARTER (STEM 11) > EARTH SCIENCE > Flashcards

EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards

1
Q

Energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, water, biomass, and geothermal heat

A

RENEWABLE ENERGY

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2
Q

Biological or plant or animal materials used to fuel the generation of electricity

A

BIOMASS

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3
Q

Energy is obtained from converting the kinetic energy of fast-moving water into electricity

A

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

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4
Q

What can be used as BIOMASS?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Food waste
  2. Wood
  3. Solid Waste
  4. Crop Residue and Animal wastes
  5. Fuel Crops
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5
Q

It is power is generated by
converting the kinetic energy of moving
water into electricity.

A

HYDROELECTRIC POWER

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6
Q

What does HYDROELECTRIC POWER utilize?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Waterfalls
  2. Running Rivers
  3. Tidal Power
  4. Ocean Waves
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7
Q

It is the energy harnessed rom sunlight, which can be converted into electricity or heat.

A

SOLAR POWER

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8
Q

What is an example of SOLAR POWER?

A

MEGA SOLAR FARM IN RIZAL - one of the largest solar farms in the Philippines

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9
Q

It is generated from the
movement of air (wind) that turns
turbines to produce electricity.

A

WIND ENERGY

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10
Q

What is an example of WIND ENERGY?

A

BANGUI WIND FARM - one of the first wind farms in Southeast Asia, located in the Philippines

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11
Q

This energy is harnessed from
the heat stored within the Earth,
typically in volcanic or tectonically
active regions.

A

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

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12
Q

What is an example of GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?

A

MAKBAN GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT—provides a significant portion of
the electricity in the Philippines

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13
Q

its energy resources
are those that cannot be replenished within a
human lifespan. They primarily consist of fossil
fuels, which are derived from decomposed
plants and animals over millions of years.

A

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

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14
Q

Are energy resources that cannot be replaced and restored

A

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES

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15
Q

What are examples of Fossil Fuels?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Oil
  2. Coal
  3. Natural gas
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16
Q

Plant material that has been subjected to heat and pressure

A

COAL

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17
Q

Remains of marine animals and plants that accumulated on the bottom of the sea

A

OIL

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18
Q

Decomposed organic material exposed to high temperature and pressure

A

NATURAL GAS

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19
Q

What process does coal undergo?

A

Organic materials from plants
accumulate in swampy areas, are
submerged in water, and are
compressed by sediments to
eventually form coal.

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20
Q

What process does oil undergo?

A

These remains undergo
chemical transformations under heat
and pressure to become crude oil,
which can be refined into various
petroleum products.

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21
Q

It consists of fossil remains

A

NATURAL GAS

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22
Q

What is an example of NATURAL GAS?

A

Methane

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23
Q

divides up the history of the earth based on life-forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of the planet

A

GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE

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24
Q

What are the divisions in GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE called?

A

GEOCHRONOLOGIC UNITS

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25
Q

What does the word “geo” mean?

A

ROCK

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26
Q

What does the word “chronology” mean?

A

TIME

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27
Q

is the longest divisions, based on the abundance of certain fossils

A

EONS

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28
Q

next to the longest subdivision; marked by major changes in the fossil record

A

ERAS

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29
Q

based on types of life existing at the time

A

PERIODS

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30
Q

shortest subdivision; marked by differences in life forms and can vary from continental to continent

A

EPOCHS

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31
Q

The GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE is divided into what divions?

Enumerate.

A
  1. EONS
  2. ERAS
  3. PERIODS
  4. EPOCHS
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32
Q

What are the DATING TECHNIQUES used in GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Relative Dating
  2. Radiometric Dating
  3. Index Fossils
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33
Q

tells how old
something is in relation to other objects
but cannot provide a year or specific
date of use.

A

RELATIVE DATING

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34
Q

He is a surveyor who
was in charge of mapping a large part of
England.

A

WILLIAM SMITH

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35
Q

What was William Smith first to understand?

A

that
certain rock units could be identified by the
particular assemblages of fossils they
contained.

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36
Q

Each age in the earth’s history is
unique such that fossil remains will be unique.

A

PRINCIPLE OF BIOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION

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37
Q

He is an English geologist

A

CHARLES LYELL

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38
Q

What did Charles Lyell publish?

A

“Principles of Geology

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39
Q

A rock feature that cut across another feature must be younger than the rock that it cuts

A

THE PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS

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40
Q

small fragments of one type of rock but embedded in a second type of rock must have formed first, and were included when the second rock was forming

A

INCLUSION PRINCIPLE

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41
Q

the body of rock that contains inclusions of preexisting rock is younger than the rocks that the inclusions came from

A

LAW OF INCLUSION

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42
Q

He was an unpaid naturalist who signed up for a 5 year expedition around the world aboard the H.M.S. Beagle

A

CHARLES DARWIN

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43
Q

What TWO MAJOR POINTS did Charles Darwin point out?

Enumerate.

A
  1. In spite of all species reproducing, no one species overwhelmed the Earth
  2. That individuals of the same kind differ from one another
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44
Q

was credited to Darwin (along with Alfred Russel Wallace) and he went to the famous “Origin of Species”

A

THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION

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45
Q

What are Darwin’s 2 goals in his work “Origin of Species”?

Enumerate.

A
  1. To convince the world that evolution had occurred and organisms had changed over geologic time
  2. The mechanism for this evolution was natural selection
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46
Q

What eons are included in the PRECAMBRIAN: BEFORE THE CAMBRIAN?

Enumerate.

A
  1. HADEAN EON
  2. ARCHEAN EON
  3. PROTEROZOIC EON
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47
Q

earliest time of the Earth and it refers to a period of time for which we have no rock record

A

HADEAN EON

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48
Q

most chaotic eon

A

HADEAN EON

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49
Q

In this eon, Earth is bombarded by meteorites.

A

HADEAN EON

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50
Q

Severe volcanism and no life form existed in this eon.

A

HADEAN EON

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51
Q

This eon is the time thought to be when the moon is formed

A

HADEAN EON

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52
Q

it followed the Hadean, which corresponds to the ages of the oldest known rocks on earth

A

ARCHEAN EON

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53
Q

Anaerobic cyanobacteria develop.

A

ARCHEAN EON

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54
Q

Primitive ocean exists

A

ARCHEAN EON

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55
Q

it is the remaining time of Precambrian

A

PROTEROZOIC EON

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56
Q

In this eon, simple, single-celled forms of life appear 3.8 billion years ago, becoming more complex and successful over the next 3 billion years: Prokaryotes than Eukaryotes

A

PROTEROZOIC EON

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57
Q

What began producing free oxygen for photosynthesis in the PROTEROZOIC EON?

A

CYANOBACTERIA

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58
Q

In this eon, land masses gather to make up a continent called “Rodinia”

A

PROTEROZOIC EON

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59
Q

It is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era

A

PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON

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60
Q

Paleozoic Era is referred to as “AGE OF _________”

A

ACIENT LIFE

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61
Q

How many years did PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON last?

A

53 MILLION YEARS

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62
Q

PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON marked a dramatic burst of evolutionary changes in life on Earth, known as the “_____________”

A

CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION

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63
Q

PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON is divided into three era namely:

Enumerate.

A
  1. PALEOZOIC
  2. MESOZOIC
  3. CENOZOIC
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64
Q

What periods are in the CAMBRIAN PERIOD?

Enumerate.

A
  1. CAMBRIAN PERIOD
  2. ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
  3. SILURIAN PERIOD
  4. DEVONIAN PERIOD
  5. CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD
  6. PERMIAN PERIOD
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65
Q

In this period, explosion of life occurred.

A

CAMBRIAN PERIOD

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66
Q

All existing phyla come into being at this time

A

CAMBRIAN PERIOD

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67
Q

In this period, life forms in warm seas as oxygen levels rise enough to support life

A

CAMBRIAN PERIOD

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68
Q

What are the dominant animals in the CAMBRIAN PERIOD?

A

MARINE INVERTEBRATES

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69
Q

What are examples of MARINE INVERTEBRATES?

A

TRILOBITES AND BRACHIOPODS

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70
Q

What supercontinent formed near the South Pole in the Cambrian Period?

A

GONDWANA

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71
Q

This period was also characterized by the intense diversification of marine animal life

A

ORDOVICIAN PERIOD

72
Q

What is ORDOVICIAN PERIOD also known as?

A

ORDOVICIAN RADIATION

73
Q

What are the four main continents in the ORDOVICIAN PERIOD?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Gondwana
  2. Baltica
  3. Siberia
  4. Laurentia
74
Q

It is an increase in the number of species

A

DIVERSIFICATION

75
Q

In this period, first land plants appear and land animals followed

A

SILURIAN PERIOD

76
Q

In this period, coral reefs expand and land plants begin to colonize barren land

A

SILURIAN PERIOD

77
Q

What is the DEVONIAN PERIOD known as?

A

AGE OF THE FISH

78
Q

What is the dominant animal in the DEVONIAN PERIOD?

A

FISH

79
Q

What appeared in the DEVONIAN PERIOD?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Amphibians
  2. Evergreens
  3. Ferns
80
Q

What two periods is CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD further divided into?

A

MISSISSIPIAN PERIOD AND THE PENNSYLVANIAN PERIOD

81
Q

What is the EARLY CARBINOFEROUS called?

A

MISSISSIPIAN PERIOD

82
Q

What is the LATE CARBONIFEROUS called?

A

LATE CARBONIFEROUS

83
Q

In which period did Earth’s carbon-rich coals formed because many places on Earth were swampy.

A

CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD

84
Q

What is the last period in the PALEOZOIC

A

PERMIAN PERIOD

85
Q

In what period did the PANGEA form

A

PERMIAN PERIOD

86
Q

In what period does the PRE-PANGEA form?

A

DEVONIAN PERIOD

87
Q

In this period, reptiles spread across the continent.

A

PERMIAN PERIOD

88
Q

In this period, 90% of Earth species become extinct due to volcanism in Siberia.

A

PERMIAN PERIOD

89
Q

What did the PERMIAN PERIOD mark the end of?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Trilobites
  2. Ammonoids
  3. Blastoids
  4. Most fish
90
Q

What is the MESOZOIC ERA known as?

A

AGE OF MEDIEVAL LIFE

91
Q

What periods are the in MESOZOIC ERA?

Enumerate.

A
  1. TRIASSIC
  2. JURASSIC
  3. CRETACEOUS
92
Q

In this period, first dinosaurs appear

A

TRAISSIC PERIOD

93
Q

In this period, first mammals, small rodents appear

A

TRIASSIC PERIOD

94
Q

First turtle fossil from this period

A

TRIASSIC PERIOD

95
Q

In this period, the Pangea starts to break apart

A

TRIASSIC PERIOD

96
Q

In this period, the Pangea is still breaking apart

A

JURASSIC PERIOD

97
Q

What is the JURASSIC PERIOD also known as?

A

GOLDEN AGE OF DINOSAURS

98
Q

In what period did birds first appear

A

JURASSIC PERIOD

99
Q

In this period, North America continues to rotate away from Africa

A

JURASSIC PERIOD

100
Q

In this period, first snakes and primates appear

A

CRETACEOUS PERIOD

101
Q

In this period, we witnessed the FIRST FLOWERING OF PLANTS

A

CRETACEOUS PERIOD

102
Q

In this period, T-rex develops

A

CRETACEOUS PERIOD

103
Q

What marked the extinction of the MESOZOIC ERA?

A

MASS EXTINCTION

104
Q

What did the mass extinction in the MESEZOIC ERA demised?

A

DINOSAURS AND 25% OF ALL MARINE LIFE

105
Q

What periods are in the CENOZOIC ERA?

A

TERTIARY PERIOD AND QUARTERNERY PERIOD

106
Q

First horses appear and tropical plants dominate (Paleocene Epochs)

A

CENOZOIC ERA

107
Q

Grasses spread and whales, rhinos, elephants, and other large mammals develop. Sea level rises and limestone deposits form(Eocene Epochs)

A

CENOZOIC ERA

108
Q

Modern humans develop and ice sheets are predominant -Ice Age (Pleistocene Epochs)

A

QUARTERNARY PERIOD

109
Q

Holocene Humans flourish (Holocene Epoch)

A

QUARTERNARY PERIOD

110
Q

process at or near Earth’s surface that cause rocks and minerals to break down

A

WEATHERING

111
Q

What is weathering caused by?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Wind
  2. Water
  3. Waves
  4. Gravity
  5. Glaciers
112
Q

What are the types of MECHANICAL WEATHERING?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Frost Wedging
  2. Root Wedging
  3. Salt Wedging
  4. Thermal Expansion
113
Q

process that breaks a rock or mineral into smaller pieces without altering its composition

A

MECHANICAL WEATHERING

114
Q

process that change the chemical composition of rocks and minerals

A

CHEMICAL WEATHERING

115
Q

When rock freezes and causes the joints to expand and grow. causing pieces of rocks to detach

A

FROST WEDGING

116
Q

Joints also expand when plants growing on its surface pry it open

A

ROOT WEDGING

117
Q

when salt crystallizes and pushed apart the surrounding grains and weakens the rock that causes disintegration when exposed to wind or rain

A

SALT WEDGING

118
Q

When rocks is exposed to high temperature it expand and low temperature it contact

A

THERMAL EXPANSION

119
Q

happens in certain minerals dissolved in water. Limestone and marble contain calcite

A

DISSOLUTION

120
Q

When water reacts with the minerals and breaks them down.

A

HYDROLISIS

121
Q

Feldspar -> Clay

A

HYDROLYSIS

122
Q

reaction of oxygen with minerals in the rock

A

OXIDATION

123
Q

occurs when water is absorbed into the crystal structure of the mineral, causing it to expand

A

HYDRATION

124
Q

also occurs in roots of plants, when fungi and lichens secrete organic acids that dissolve minerals

A

BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING

125
Q

What are the types of CHEMICAL WEATHERING?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Dissolution
  2. Hydrolysis
  3. Oxidation
  4. Hydration
  5. Biological Weathering
126
Q

Displacement of weathered rocks from one place to another

A

EROSION

127
Q

What are the Erosion transport agents or force?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Water
  2. Wind
  3. Gravity
128
Q

flowing water will lift and carry small sediments such as silt and sand

A

STREAMS

129
Q

where water moves more swiftly there will be ______

A

MORE EROSION

130
Q

Where the water slows down, _________

A

SEDIMENTS WILL BE DEPOSITED

131
Q

tidal action and waves carry away weathered materials

A

OCEAN DYNAMICS

132
Q

are large ice fields that slowly fall downhill overtime

A

GLACIERS

133
Q

Ice drags rocky material that scours the surface it flows over

A

GLACIERS

134
Q

Glaciers deposits debris as it _______

A

MELTS

135
Q

wind will carry ______ sediments over long distances

A

FINE, DRY

136
Q

When sediments are weathered they may be transported downward by gravity.

A

MASS WASTING

137
Q

When sediments are weathered, they may be transported downward by gravity as a _______

A

SLUMP

138
Q

Loose sediments transported by gravity

A

SCREE

139
Q

Transported sediments are deposited in layers and generate ________ like those found in Grand Canyon

A

DEPOSITION FORMATION

140
Q

increasing population has led to the conversion of land to urban centers

A

URBANIZATION

141
Q

is the thin layer of material covering the earth’s surface and is formed from the weathering or rocks

A

SOIL

142
Q

individual particles that make up the soil

A

SOIL SEPARATES

143
Q

What is the pore size of SAND?

A

2.00 MM TO 0.05 MM

144
Q

What is the pore size of SILT?

A

0.04 MM TO 0.02 MM

145
Q

what is the pore size of CLAY?

A

LESS THAN 0.02 MM

146
Q

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SOIL?

Enumerate.

A
  1. Sandy soil
  2. Silt soil
  3. Clay soil
  4. Loam
147
Q

consists of small particles of weathered rock

A

SANDY SOIL

148
Q

poorest types of soil for growing plants

A

SANDY SOIL

149
Q

formed by the breakdown or fragmentation of rocks like granite, limestone and quartz

A

SANDY SOIL

150
Q

Tends to dry rapidly

A

SANDY SOIL

151
Q

this soil has large pore sizes

A

SANDY SOIL

152
Q

known to have much smaller particles compared to sandy soil and is made up of rocks and other mineral particles

A

SILT SOIL

153
Q

It has a smooth and fine quality soil.

A

SILT SOIL

154
Q

found near rivers, lakes, and other water bodies

A

SILT SOIL

155
Q

is more fertile compared to the other three type of soil

A

SILT SOIL

156
Q

it has small pore spaces

A

SILT SOIL

157
Q

the smallest particle among the other two types of soil

A

CLAY SOIL

158
Q

Tightly packed particles

A

CLAY SOIL

159
Q

densest and heaviest types of soil

A

CLAY SOIL

160
Q

Smallest pore spaces

A

CLAY SOIL

161
Q

combination of sand, silt, and clay

A

LOAM

162
Q

retain moisture and nutrients

A

LOAM

163
Q

also known as Agricultural Soil

A

LOAM

164
Q

It is a nutrients and it can hold water better

A

LOAM

165
Q

ithe Latin word “arabilis” meaning ______

A

ARABLE

166
Q

what does arabilis mean?

A

ABLE TO BE PLOWED

167
Q

the minerals and microbes in the soil are responsible for filtering, degrading, immobilizing, and detoxifying organic and inorganic materials

A

REGULATING WATER AND FILTERING POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS

168
Q

nitrogen is first converted into ammonium by _____ and into nitrates by _______

A

NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA —– NITRIFYING BACKTERIA (respectively)

169
Q

It is the reason why we can’t use nitrogen directly because its hard to break them apart (N2 = N - N)

A

TRIPLE BOND

170
Q

Causes the loss of topsoil and nutrients in the soil. the most visible effect of soil degradation

A

SOIL EROSION

171
Q

reduces the amount of air, water, and space available to roots and soil organisms

A

SOIL COMPACTION

172
Q

irreversible change of the land, where it can no longer be recovered for its original use

A

DESSERTIFICATION

173
Q

The intensification of agriculture has led to the use of more and heavier machinery.

A

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE

174
Q

This activity led to the loss of organic matter and soil composition

A

INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE

175
Q
A

OLGC 2ND QUARTER (STEM 11) (3 decks)

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