EARTH SCIENCE Flashcards
1
Q
Energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, water, biomass, and geothermal heat
A
RENEWABLE ENERGY
2
Q
Biological or plant or animal materials used to fuel the generation of electricity
A
BIOMASS
3
Q
Energy is obtained from converting the kinetic energy of fast-moving water into electricity
A
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
4
Q
What can be used as BIOMASS?
Enumerate.
A
- Food waste
- Wood
- Solid Waste
- Crop Residue and Animal wastes
- Fuel Crops
5
Q
It is power is generated by
converting the kinetic energy of moving
water into electricity.
A
HYDROELECTRIC POWER
6
Q
What does HYDROELECTRIC POWER utilize?
Enumerate.
A
- Waterfalls
- Running Rivers
- Tidal Power
- Ocean Waves
7
Q
It is the energy harnessed rom sunlight, which can be converted into electricity or heat.
A
SOLAR POWER
8
Q
What is an example of SOLAR POWER?
A
MEGA SOLAR FARM IN RIZAL - one of the largest solar farms in the Philippines
9
Q
It is generated from the
movement of air (wind) that turns
turbines to produce electricity.
A
WIND ENERGY
10
Q
What is an example of WIND ENERGY?
A
BANGUI WIND FARM - one of the first wind farms in Southeast Asia, located in the Philippines
11
Q
This energy is harnessed from
the heat stored within the Earth,
typically in volcanic or tectonically
active regions.
A
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
12
Q
What is an example of GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?
A
MAKBAN GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT—provides a significant portion of
the electricity in the Philippines
13
Q
its energy resources
are those that cannot be replenished within a
human lifespan. They primarily consist of fossil
fuels, which are derived from decomposed
plants and animals over millions of years.
A
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
14
Q
Are energy resources that cannot be replaced and restored
A
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
15
Q
What are examples of Fossil Fuels?
Enumerate.
A
- Oil
- Coal
- Natural gas
16
Q
Plant material that has been subjected to heat and pressure
A
COAL
17
Q
Remains of marine animals and plants that accumulated on the bottom of the sea
A
OIL
18
Q
Decomposed organic material exposed to high temperature and pressure
A
NATURAL GAS
19
Q
What process does coal undergo?
A
Organic materials from plants
accumulate in swampy areas, are
submerged in water, and are
compressed by sediments to
eventually form coal.
20
Q
What process does oil undergo?
A
These remains undergo
chemical transformations under heat
and pressure to become crude oil,
which can be refined into various
petroleum products.
21
Q
It consists of fossil remains
A
NATURAL GAS
22
Q
What is an example of NATURAL GAS?
A
Methane
23
Q
divides up the history of the earth based on life-forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of the planet
A
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
24
Q
What are the divisions in GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE called?
A
GEOCHRONOLOGIC UNITS
25
What does the word "geo" mean?
ROCK
26
What does the word "chronology" mean?
TIME
27
is the longest divisions, based on the abundance of certain fossils
EONS
28
next to the longest subdivision; marked by major changes in the fossil record
ERAS
29
based on types of life existing at the time
PERIODS
30
shortest subdivision; marked by differences in life forms and can vary from continental to continent
EPOCHS
31
The GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE is divided into what divions?
Enumerate.
1. EONS
2. ERAS
3. PERIODS
4. EPOCHS
32
What are the DATING TECHNIQUES used in GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE?
Enumerate.
1. Relative Dating
2. Radiometric Dating
3. Index Fossils
33
tells how old
something is in relation to other objects
but cannot provide a year or specific
date of use.
RELATIVE DATING
34
He is a surveyor who
was in charge of mapping a large part of
England.
WILLIAM SMITH
35
What was William Smith first to understand?
that
certain rock units could be identified by the
particular assemblages of fossils they
contained.
36
Each age in the earth’s history is
unique such that fossil remains will be unique.
PRINCIPLE OF BIOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION
37
He is an English geologist
CHARLES LYELL
38
What did Charles Lyell publish?
"Principles of Geology
39
A rock feature that cut across another feature must be younger than the rock that it cuts
THE PRINCIPLE OF CROSS-CUTTING RELATIONSHIPS
40
small fragments of one type of rock but embedded in a second type of rock must have formed first, and were included when the second rock was forming
INCLUSION PRINCIPLE
41
the body of rock that contains inclusions of preexisting rock is younger than the rocks that the inclusions came from
LAW OF INCLUSION
42
He was an unpaid naturalist who signed up for a 5 year expedition around the world aboard the H.M.S. Beagle
CHARLES DARWIN
43
What TWO MAJOR POINTS did Charles Darwin point out?
Enumerate.
1. In spite of all species reproducing, no one species overwhelmed the Earth
2. That individuals of the same kind differ from one another
44
was credited to Darwin (along with Alfred Russel Wallace) and he went to the famous “Origin of Species”
THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
45
What are Darwin's 2 goals in his work "Origin of Species"?
Enumerate.
1. To convince the world that evolution had occurred and organisms had changed over geologic time
2. The mechanism for this evolution was natural selection
46
What eons are included in the PRECAMBRIAN: BEFORE THE CAMBRIAN?
Enumerate.
1. HADEAN EON
2. ARCHEAN EON
3. PROTEROZOIC EON
47
earliest time of the Earth and it refers to a period of time for which we have no rock record
HADEAN EON
48
most chaotic eon
HADEAN EON
49
In this eon, Earth is bombarded by meteorites.
HADEAN EON
50
Severe volcanism and no life form existed in this eon.
HADEAN EON
51
This eon is the time thought to be when the moon is formed
HADEAN EON
52
it followed the Hadean, which corresponds to the ages of the oldest known rocks on earth
ARCHEAN EON
53
Anaerobic cyanobacteria develop.
ARCHEAN EON
54
Primitive ocean exists
ARCHEAN EON
55
it is the remaining time of Precambrian
PROTEROZOIC EON
56
In this eon, simple, single-celled forms of life appear 3.8 billion years ago, becoming more complex and successful over the next 3 billion years: Prokaryotes than Eukaryotes
PROTEROZOIC EON
57
What began producing free oxygen for photosynthesis in the PROTEROZOIC EON?
CYANOBACTERIA
58
In this eon, land masses gather to make up a continent called “Rodinia”
PROTEROZOIC EON
59
It is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era
PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON
60
Paleozoic Era is referred to as "AGE OF _________"
ACIENT LIFE
61
How many years did PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON last?
53 MILLION YEARS
62
PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON marked a dramatic burst of evolutionary changes in life on Earth, known as the "_____________"
CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION
63
PHANEROZOIC EON OR CAMBRIAN EON is divided into three era namely:
Enumerate.
1. PALEOZOIC
2. MESOZOIC
3. CENOZOIC
64
What periods are in the CAMBRIAN PERIOD?
Enumerate.
1. CAMBRIAN PERIOD
2. ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
3. SILURIAN PERIOD
4. DEVONIAN PERIOD
5. CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD
3. PERMIAN PERIOD
65
In this period, explosion of life occurred.
CAMBRIAN PERIOD
66
All existing phyla come into being at this time
CAMBRIAN PERIOD
67
In this period, life forms in warm seas as oxygen levels rise enough to support life
CAMBRIAN PERIOD
68
What are the dominant animals in the CAMBRIAN PERIOD?
MARINE INVERTEBRATES
69
What are examples of MARINE INVERTEBRATES?
TRILOBITES AND BRACHIOPODS
70
What supercontinent formed near the South Pole in the Cambrian Period?
GONDWANA
71
This period was also characterized by the intense diversification of marine animal life
ORDOVICIAN PERIOD
72
What is ORDOVICIAN PERIOD also known as?
ORDOVICIAN RADIATION
73
What are the four main continents in the ORDOVICIAN PERIOD?
Enumerate.
1. Gondwana
2. Baltica
3. Siberia
4. Laurentia
74
It is an increase in the number of species
DIVERSIFICATION
75
In this period, first land plants appear and land animals followed
SILURIAN PERIOD
76
In this period, coral reefs expand and land plants begin to colonize barren land
SILURIAN PERIOD
77
What is the DEVONIAN PERIOD known as?
AGE OF THE FISH
78
What is the dominant animal in the DEVONIAN PERIOD?
FISH
79
What appeared in the DEVONIAN PERIOD?
Enumerate.
1. Amphibians
2. Evergreens
3. Ferns
80
What two periods is CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD further divided into?
MISSISSIPIAN PERIOD AND THE PENNSYLVANIAN PERIOD
81
What is the EARLY CARBINOFEROUS called?
MISSISSIPIAN PERIOD
82
What is the LATE CARBONIFEROUS called?
LATE CARBONIFEROUS
83
In which period did Earth’s carbon-rich coals formed because many places on Earth were swampy.
CARBONIFEROUS PERIOD
84
What is the last period in the PALEOZOIC
PERMIAN PERIOD
85
In what period did the PANGEA form
PERMIAN PERIOD
86
In what period does the PRE-PANGEA form?
DEVONIAN PERIOD
87
In this period, reptiles spread across the continent.
PERMIAN PERIOD
88
In this period, 90% of Earth species become extinct due to volcanism in Siberia.
PERMIAN PERIOD
89
What did the PERMIAN PERIOD mark the end of?
Enumerate.
1. Trilobites
2. Ammonoids
3. Blastoids
4. Most fish
90
What is the MESOZOIC ERA known as?
AGE OF MEDIEVAL LIFE
91
What periods are the in MESOZOIC ERA?
Enumerate.
1. TRIASSIC
2. JURASSIC
3. CRETACEOUS
92
In this period, first dinosaurs appear
TRAISSIC PERIOD
93
In this period, first mammals, small rodents appear
TRIASSIC PERIOD
94
First turtle fossil from this period
TRIASSIC PERIOD
95
In this period, the Pangea starts to break apart
TRIASSIC PERIOD
96
In this period, the Pangea is still breaking apart
JURASSIC PERIOD
97
What is the JURASSIC PERIOD also known as?
GOLDEN AGE OF DINOSAURS
98
In what period did birds first appear
JURASSIC PERIOD
99
In this period, North America continues to rotate away from Africa
JURASSIC PERIOD
100
In this period, first snakes and primates appear
CRETACEOUS PERIOD
101
In this period, we witnessed the FIRST FLOWERING OF PLANTS
CRETACEOUS PERIOD
102
In this period, T-rex develops
CRETACEOUS PERIOD
103
What marked the extinction of the MESOZOIC ERA?
MASS EXTINCTION
104
What did the mass extinction in the MESEZOIC ERA demised?
DINOSAURS AND 25% OF ALL MARINE LIFE
105
What periods are in the CENOZOIC ERA?
TERTIARY PERIOD AND QUARTERNERY PERIOD
106
First horses appear and tropical plants dominate (Paleocene Epochs)
CENOZOIC ERA
107
Grasses spread and whales, rhinos, elephants, and other large mammals develop. Sea level rises and limestone deposits form(Eocene Epochs)
CENOZOIC ERA
108
Modern humans develop and ice sheets are predominant -Ice Age (Pleistocene Epochs)
QUARTERNARY PERIOD
109
Holocene Humans flourish (Holocene Epoch)
QUARTERNARY PERIOD
110
process at or near Earth’s surface that cause rocks and minerals to break down
WEATHERING
111
What is weathering caused by?
Enumerate.
1. Wind
2. Water
3. Waves
4. Gravity
5. Glaciers
112
What are the types of MECHANICAL WEATHERING?
Enumerate.
1. Frost Wedging
2. Root Wedging
3. Salt Wedging
4. Thermal Expansion
113
process that breaks a rock or mineral into smaller pieces without altering its composition
MECHANICAL WEATHERING
114
process that change the chemical composition of rocks and minerals
CHEMICAL WEATHERING
115
When rock freezes and causes the joints to expand and grow. causing pieces of rocks to detach
FROST WEDGING
116
Joints also expand when plants growing on its surface pry it open
ROOT WEDGING
117
when salt crystallizes and pushed apart the surrounding grains and weakens the rock that causes disintegration when exposed to wind or rain
SALT WEDGING
118
When rocks is exposed to high temperature it expand and low temperature it contact
THERMAL EXPANSION
119
happens in certain minerals dissolved in water. Limestone and marble contain calcite
DISSOLUTION
120
When water reacts with the minerals and breaks them down.
HYDROLISIS
121
Feldspar -> Clay
HYDROLYSIS
122
reaction of oxygen with minerals in the rock
OXIDATION
123
occurs when water is absorbed into the crystal structure of the mineral, causing it to expand
HYDRATION
124
also occurs in roots of plants, when fungi and lichens secrete organic acids that dissolve minerals
BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
125
What are the types of CHEMICAL WEATHERING?
Enumerate.
1. Dissolution
2. Hydrolysis
3. Oxidation
4. Hydration
5. Biological Weathering
126
Displacement of weathered rocks from one place to another
EROSION
127
What are the Erosion transport agents or force?
Enumerate.
1. Water
2. Wind
3. Gravity
128
flowing water will lift and carry small sediments such as silt and sand
STREAMS
129
where water moves more swiftly there will be ______
MORE EROSION
130
Where the water slows down, _________
SEDIMENTS WILL BE DEPOSITED
131
tidal action and waves carry away weathered materials
OCEAN DYNAMICS
132
are large ice fields that slowly fall downhill overtime
GLACIERS
133
Ice drags rocky material that scours the surface it flows over
GLACIERS
134
Glaciers deposits debris as it _______
MELTS
135
wind will carry ______ sediments over long distances
FINE, DRY
136
When sediments are weathered they may be transported downward by gravity.
MASS WASTING
137
When sediments are weathered, they may be transported downward by gravity as a _______
SLUMP
138
Loose sediments transported by gravity
SCREE
139
Transported sediments are deposited in layers and generate ________ like those found in Grand Canyon
DEPOSITION FORMATION
140
increasing population has led to the conversion of land to urban centers
URBANIZATION
141
is the thin layer of material covering the earth’s surface and is formed from the weathering or rocks
SOIL
142
individual particles that make up the soil
SOIL SEPARATES
143
What is the pore size of SAND?
2.00 MM TO 0.05 MM
144
What is the pore size of SILT?
0.04 MM TO 0.02 MM
145
what is the pore size of CLAY?
LESS THAN 0.02 MM
146
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF SOIL?
Enumerate.
1. Sandy soil
2. Silt soil
3. Clay soil
4. Loam
147
consists of small particles of weathered rock
SANDY SOIL
148
poorest types of soil for growing plants
SANDY SOIL
149
formed by the breakdown or fragmentation of rocks like granite, limestone and quartz
SANDY SOIL
150
Tends to dry rapidly
SANDY SOIL
151
this soil has large pore sizes
SANDY SOIL
152
known to have much smaller particles compared to sandy soil and is made up of rocks and other mineral particles
SILT SOIL
153
It has a smooth and fine quality soil.
SILT SOIL
154
found near rivers, lakes, and other water bodies
SILT SOIL
155
is more fertile compared to the other three type of soil
SILT SOIL
156
it has small pore spaces
SILT SOIL
157
the smallest particle among the other two types of soil
CLAY SOIL
158
Tightly packed particles
CLAY SOIL
159
densest and heaviest types of soil
CLAY SOIL
160
Smallest pore spaces
CLAY SOIL
161
combination of sand, silt, and clay
LOAM
162
retain moisture and nutrients
LOAM
163
also known as Agricultural Soil
LOAM
164
It is a nutrients and it can hold water better
LOAM
165
ithe Latin word “arabilis” meaning ______
ARABLE
166
what does arabilis mean?
ABLE TO BE PLOWED
167
the minerals and microbes in the soil are responsible for filtering, degrading, immobilizing, and detoxifying organic and inorganic materials
REGULATING WATER AND FILTERING POTENTIAL POLLUTANTS
168
nitrogen is first converted into ammonium by _____ and into nitrates by _______
NITROGEN FIXING BACTERIA ----- NITRIFYING BACKTERIA (respectively)
169
It is the reason why we can't use nitrogen directly because its hard to break them apart (N2 = N - N)
TRIPLE BOND
170
Causes the loss of topsoil and nutrients in the soil. the most visible effect of soil degradation
SOIL EROSION
171
reduces the amount of air, water, and space available to roots and soil organisms
SOIL COMPACTION
172
irreversible change of the land, where it can no longer be recovered for its original use
DESSERTIFICATION
173
The intensification of agriculture has led to the use of more and heavier machinery.
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
174
This activity led to the loss of organic matter and soil composition
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
175
