Earth Science Flashcards by Marilyn Mcdonald

The outermost solid layer of earth

crust

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Can flow under certain conditions and changes in pressure. It is not liquid it is ductile or plastic. Mainly composed of aluminum and silicates.

Mantle

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The innermost layers of Earth

Core

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The mantle is not liquid. This region of the mantle flows relatively easily.

Asthenosphere

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The outermost and most rigid mechanical layer of earth.

Lithosphere

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It encompases the lower mantle.

Mesophere

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A layer of liquid iron and nickle.

Outer Core

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Earth is made up of different types of spheres above the crust such as:

Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Cryosphere, and the Atmosphere.

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Lithosphere

The outermost shell of earth.

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Hydrosphere

All the water on earth in liquid form.

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Biosphere

The global sum of all ecosystems and living organisms.

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Cryosphere

The masses of frozen water.

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Atmosphere

The layer of gases that surround the planet.

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The gases present in earth’s atmosphere are:

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon dioxide, Helium, Neon, and other gases.

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Earth’s atmosphere contains multiple layers such as:

Earth, Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere

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Are formed as a result of Earth’s tectonic plates smashing together.

Mountains

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Are formed when magma from within earth’s upper mantle erupts through the surface.

volcanoes

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Are formed by weathering and erosion caused by the movement of rivers.

Canyons

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Are usually caused when plates rub against each other in an opposite motion, and rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault.

Earthquakes

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Is an elastic wave caused by an earthquake.

Seismic Wave

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3 types of seismic waves

Primary- P waves- the fastest waves
Secondary S waves- travels through earths interior ( rock) and cannot travel through liquids or gases.
Surface- seismic waves the moves along earth’s surface, not through it’s interior.

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giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions under the sea.

Tsunamis

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Divergent - Pulling Apart
Convergent- Coming Together
Subduction- sideways and downward movement of the edge of a plate into the mantle beneath another plate.

Plate Tectonics

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A mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and many organisms that together support life on Earth.

Soil

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Continuous circulation of water throughout Earth and Earth's atmosphere.

The Water Cycle

The process of the water cycle

Precipitation- rain and snow Evaporation- water turns from liquid to a gas Condensation- the formation of clouds Transpiration- when plants suck water from roots, transport it to leaves and it is released into the atmosphere.

Earth is formed out of debris around the solar protoplanetary disk.

Hadean- 4.5 billion

Prokaryote life, the first form of life , emerges. the atmosphere is composed of volcanic and greenhouse gases.

Archean-2.5 million

Eukaryotes, a more complex form of life , emerge, including some forms of multicellular organisims.

Proterozoic 541 million

Complex life, including vertebrates, begin to dominate earths ocean.

Phanerozoic 541 million-present

any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.

Rocks

Lava, magma, glassy , smooth, granite, pumice, obsidian.

Igneous Rock

heat pressure, sparkly crystals, ribbon-like layers, marble, slate, gneiss.

Metamorphic Rock

deposition, cementation, sand grains or visible pebbles; fossils may be visible. Conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, shale.

Sedimentary Rock

third planet from the sun, the densest.

Earth

the star at the center of the solar system

Sun

Earth's only natural satellite

Moon

A planetary system that orbits the sun

The Solar System

a unit of astronomical distance equal to the distance of light travels in one year.

Light Year

The Speed of light in a vacuum travels 300,000 km/sec. In a vacuum is where speed of light is fastest.

Speed of Light

A chunk of ice and rock originating outside of the solar system.

Comet

A chunk of rock and metal in orbit in between Mars and Jupiter.

Asteroids

A small asteroid

Meterorite

Date in the fall when Earth experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. This occurs around September 23.

Fall Autumn Equinox

Earth's maximum tilt toward the sun, causing the longest period of daylight. This occurs around june 22.

Summer-Solstice

Date in spring when earth experiences 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness. This occurs around March 21.

Spring-vernal Equinox

The North Pole is tilted furthest away from the sun, causing the shortest period of daylight. This occurs around December 21.

Winter Solstice

The Scientific Revolution began as the Renaissance was coming to an end.

The emergence of modern science

The heliocentric theory introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus-

Positioned the sun at the center of the universe.

Effects the tides

The Moon

when the part of the moon that is illuminated is increasing

waxing moon phase illuminated on the right side

when the part of the moon that illuminated is decreasing,

Waning Moon phase illuminated on the left side

luminous ball of gas

Stars- mostly hydrogen and helium , held together by its own gravity. A star's color relies on it's temperature .

emit bluer light

Hotter stars

emit redder light

cooler stars

Occurs when the moon passes directly behind earth into its umbra ( shadow)

Lunar Eclipse

When the moon moves in front of the sun .

Solar Eclipse

A time when the U.S. was competing with Russia to be the first to put a man on the moon.

The Space Race

Earth spins on its axis. One full rotation on its axis every 24 hours.

Patterns on Earth

Day, night, seasons, weather, phases of the moon, water cycle, life cycle.

Cycles on Earth

earthquakes, storms

Changes on Earth

Earth has a magnetic field the extends from it's interior to outer space.

Earth's magnetic poles

The five main ideas under the unifying concepts and processes of science.

Systems, order and organizations Evidence, models and explanations Change, constancy, and measurement Evolution and equilibrium Form and function

students must be given the opportunity to interact with the concepts they are studying.

Science Inquiry

According to the National Science Teacher Association Effective Science instruction includes:

1.having pedagogical knowledge. 2.Providing learning opportunities that meet the individual needs of students. 3.Facilitating learning opportunities that develop students conceptual understanding.

Using resources and research material in science

1.Teachers can join reputable science organizations. 2. Teachers can attend professional development that focuses on researched based strategies in science . 3. Teachers can be data driven in their decision making. 4. Teachers can engage in lifelong learning practices.