Earth Science Flashcards
Stress that causes rocks to squeeze together
Compressional stress
The force per unit area that is placed on a rock
Stress
The person who outlined the Seafloor Spreading theory
Harry Hess
What is formed when the hanging wall is moved sideways?
Strike-slip fault
Stress that causes rocks to be pulled apart
Tensional stress
____ is a fold that arches upward where the ____ is found at the center of the formation
Anticline
oldest
Normal faults develop when the ____ moves ____ while the reverse faults develop when it moves ____
hanging wall
downward
upward
What is used to create Bathymetrical maps in the ancient times?
Lead and line
____ is a fold that arches downward where the ____ is found at the center of the formation
Syncline
youngest
Compressional stress causes rocks to ____
fold
Which of the following best describes weathering?
A. The process by which rocks are exposed to severe weather
B. The process by which rocks are formed by heat and pressure
C. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down
D. The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened due to exposure to heat and pressure
C. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down
What prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements in the core from melting?
A. Density
B. Pressure
C. Temperature
D. Vapor
B. Pressure
Which is an example of oxidation?
A. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time.
B. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water.
C. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the solution.
D. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume increases.
A. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time.
Which of the following terms pertains to the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus which results to the release of energy and matter from the nucleus?
A. Convection B. Gravitational pressure
C. Radiation
D. Radioactive decay
D. Radioactive decay
How does decompression melting occur?
A. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure increases.
B. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure decreases.
C. It occurs when the temperature decreases directly proportional to pressure.
D. It occurs when the temperature increases inversely proportional to pressure.
D. It occurs when the temperature increases inversely proportional to pressure.
What is the tendency of a magma with high silica content?
A. It tends to be hotter.
B. It tends to be less viscous.
C. It tends to be more viscous.
D. It tends to be less explosive.
C. It tends to be more viscous.
Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of shale is FALSE?
A. Foliation develops as metamorphism increases.
B. The amount of water decreases as metamorphism increases.
C. The clay minerals break down to form micas as metamorphism increases.
D. The size of the minerals gets smaller as metamorphism increases.
B. The amount of water decreases as metamorphism increases.
What type of metamorphic rock will form if a mudrock experiences highgrade metamorphism?
A. Phyllite
B. Slate
C. Schist
D. None of the above
D. None of the Above
Gneiss
Ava plays a clay bar. She pulled the two sides of the clay bar using her hands away from each other. What type of stress did she exert on the clay bar?
A. Compressional stress
B. Direct stress
C. Shear stress
D. Tensional stress
D. Tensional Stress
East African Rift is formed by stress that causes the hanging wall to drop down. Which among the type of fault does it belong
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike Slip
D. Transverse
A. Normal
In seafloor spreading, in which of the following parts does molten material rises from the mantle and erupts or flows out?
A. Along mid-ocean ridges
B. In the deep ocean trenches
C. In the north and south poles
D. Along the edges of all continents
A. Along mid-ocean ridges
What happens during embryonic stage of ocean basin?
A. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts
B. Formation of young to mature mountain belts
C. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins
D. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on continents
D. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on continents
How will you categorize the stage of the ocean basin that formed island arcs and trenches around basin edge?
A. Declining
B. Embryonic
C. Juvenile
D. None of the above
A. Declining
Myra understands the characteristics of Agnatha when she describes it as:
A. a primitive jawless fish
B. a primitive armored fish with cartilage skeleton
C. a fish with jaw
D. a fish with legs
A. a primitive jawless fish
What is the smallest main unit of geologic time?
A. eon
B. era
C. epoch
D. period
C. epoch
What are the common fossils?
A. Bones and teeth
B. Spores and seeds
C. Options A and B are correct.
D. Options A and B are incorrect.
C. Options A and B are correct.
Which Era represents “ancient life”?
Paleozoic era
Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of plants and animals that have lived on Earth throughout Earth’s history. How does the fossil record of animals compare to animals that exist today?
A. Animals in the fossil record are the same as animals that exist today.
B. Animals in the fossil record are ancestors of animals that exist today.
C. Animals in the fossil record have no similarities to animals that exist today.
D. Animals in the fossil record are more complex than animals that exist today.
B. Animals in the fossil record are ancestors of animals that exist today.
Which geological dating technique determines the actual age of a fossil?
Absolute dating
How many half-lives have passed if a rock contains 25% isotopes and 75% daughter isotopes?
Two (2) half-lives
Which of the following indicates the relative age of a rock layer?
A. The thickness of the layer
B. The chemical make-up of the rock
C. The distance of the layer over the Earth
D. The position of the layer compared to other layers
D. The position of the layer compared to other layers
An undeformed sedimentary layer is ____ than the layer above and _____ than the layer below.
older
younger
Why do plates of the Earth is slowly moving in an unnoticeable manner?
A. Because of the energy from the Sun
B. Due to movement of faults in Mountain Ranges
C. Light form the natural satellite
D. Due to convection currents in the mantle
D. Due to convection currents in the mantle
How does the movement of plates affect the surface of the Earth?
A. When the plates move slide past each other mountain ranges were formed.
B. It may result to the formation and deformation of landforms.
C. It may create earthquakes along fault lines far from the origin of movement.
D. Rising and falling movement of plates may result to the formation of mountains and volcanoes.
B. It may result to the formation and deformation of landforms
What is the moving of sediments from their original position called?
A. deposition
B. erosion
C. lithification
D. weathering
B. erosion
What are the agents of weathering?
Water
Salt
Temperature
Plants
What are the types of weathering?
Physical
Chemical
Biological
Caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts.
Chemical weathering
What are the types of physical weathering?
Abrasion
Freeze-thaw
Exfoliation
Caused by the effects of changing temperatures on rocks, causing rock to break apart.
Physical Weathering
What are the types of chemical weathering?
Carbonation
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation
The breakdown of rock by acidic water
Hydrolysis
It occurs when rocks are awakened through different biological agents.
Biological Weathering
What are the Earth’s heat sources?
Primordial Heat
Radioactive Heat
Through Gravitational Pressure
Dense Core Material
Heat that is produced from radioactive decay of some naturally occurring isotopes.
Radioactive Heat
Heat from the collision of gases and dusts during the formation of the Earth.
Primordial Heat
A geological process that was formed, originated and located below the surface of the Earth.
Endogenic process
Happens due to the different melting points of the minerals mixed into the mantle rocks
Partial Melting
Happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock.
Flux Melting
Magma escapes in two forms, what are they called?
Intrusion
Extrusion
It is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth.
Extrusion
Refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth’s surface
Plutonism
Is a process of mineral assemblance and texture variation that results from the physical-chemical changes of solid rocks, caused by factors such as crust movement, magma activity, or thermal fluid change in the Earth.
Metamorphism
Both plays a crucial role in metamorphism
A. Density and pressure
B. Temperature and pressure
C. Density and gravity
D. Temperature and density
B. Temperature and pressure
Types of pressure
Confining pressure/Vertical stress
Differential pressure/Directed
A device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then record the echoes of these sound waves.
SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging)
Name of the supercontinent
PANGAEA
The layers of rocks are continuous until they encounter other solid bodies that block their deposition
Law of Original Horizontality
A buried erosional or non-depositional surface that separate the different-age loan masses or strata
Law of Unconformities
Geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features.
Law of Crosscutting Relationship
All rock layers are originally laid down horizontally and can be later deformed; Allows us to infer that something must have happened to the rocks to make them tilted.
Law of Lateral Continuity
Any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers
Law of Superposition
In the Law of Superposition, the _____ layer is on top and the ____ is on the bottom
A. disturbed; undisturbed
B. oldest; youngest
C.undisturbed; disturbed
D. youngest; oldest
D. youngest; oldest
Called the original rock in metamorphic grading
Protolith (e.g. shale)
Dating that is used to determine the age by comparison between nearby layers
Relative Dating
The fossils of one layer is compared with another layer with known dating
Cross Dating
Type of a relative dating that assumes that the lowest layer is the oldest and the topmost layer is the youngest.
Stratigraphy
The difference between relative dating and absolute dating is that, relative dating is a ____ dating whereas absolute dating is a ____ dating
qualitative
quantitative
Types of absolute dating
Radiometric dating
Amino Acid datinf
Dendrochronology
Thermoluminescence
