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klase ni tomas > Earth Science > Flashcards

Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

Stress that causes rocks to squeeze together

A

Compressional stress

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2
Q

The force per unit area that is placed on a rock

A

Stress

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3
Q

The person who outlined the Seafloor Spreading theory

A

Harry Hess

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4
Q

What is formed when the hanging wall is moved sideways?

A

Strike-slip fault

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5
Q

Stress that causes rocks to be pulled apart

A

Tensional stress

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6
Q

____ is a fold that arches upward where the ____ is found at the center of the formation

A

Anticline
oldest

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7
Q

Normal faults develop when the ____ moves ____ while the reverse faults develop when it moves ____

A

hanging wall
downward
upward

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8
Q

What is used to create Bathymetrical maps in the ancient times?

A

Lead and line

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9
Q

____ is a fold that arches downward where the ____ is found at the center of the formation

A

Syncline
youngest

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10
Q

Compressional stress causes rocks to ____

A

fold

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11
Q

Which of the following best describes weathering?
A. The process by which rocks are exposed to severe weather
B. The process by which rocks are formed by heat and pressure
C. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down
D. The process by which rocks are chemically strengthened due to exposure to heat and pressure

A

C. The mechanical or chemical process by which rocks are broken down

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12
Q

What prevents the iron and other minimal amount of some elements in the core from melting?
A. Density
B. Pressure
C. Temperature
D. Vapor

A

B. Pressure

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13
Q

Which is an example of oxidation?
A. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time.
B. Some of the minerals get dissolved in water.
C. The joints enlarge in size and lime is removed in the solution.
D. Due to the absorption of water by rocks, its volume increases.

A

A. Rust decomposes rocks completely with passage of time.

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14
Q

Which of the following terms pertains to the spontaneous breakdown of an atomic nucleus which results to the release of energy and matter from the nucleus?
A. Convection B. Gravitational pressure
C. Radiation
D. Radioactive decay

A

D. Radioactive decay

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15
Q

How does decompression melting occur?
A. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure increases.
B. It occurs when the temperature is constant but the pressure decreases.
C. It occurs when the temperature decreases directly proportional to pressure.
D. It occurs when the temperature increases inversely proportional to pressure.

A

D. It occurs when the temperature increases inversely proportional to pressure.

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16
Q

What is the tendency of a magma with high silica content?
A. It tends to be hotter.
B. It tends to be less viscous.
C. It tends to be more viscous.
D. It tends to be less explosive.

A

C. It tends to be more viscous.

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17
Q

Which of the following statements about the metamorphism of shale is FALSE?
A. Foliation develops as metamorphism increases.
B. The amount of water decreases as metamorphism increases.
C. The clay minerals break down to form micas as metamorphism increases.
D. The size of the minerals gets smaller as metamorphism increases.

A

B. The amount of water decreases as metamorphism increases.

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18
Q

What type of metamorphic rock will form if a mudrock experiences highgrade metamorphism?
A. Phyllite
B. Slate
C. Schist
D. None of the above

A

D. None of the Above

Gneiss

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19
Q

Ava plays a clay bar. She pulled the two sides of the clay bar using her hands away from each other. What type of stress did she exert on the clay bar?
A. Compressional stress
B. Direct stress
C. Shear stress
D. Tensional stress

A

D. Tensional Stress

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20
Q

East African Rift is formed by stress that causes the hanging wall to drop down. Which among the type of fault does it belong
A. Normal
B. Reverse
C. Strike Slip
D. Transverse

A

A. Normal

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21
Q

In seafloor spreading, in which of the following parts does molten material rises from the mantle and erupts or flows out?
A. Along mid-ocean ridges
B. In the deep ocean trenches
C. In the north and south poles
D. Along the edges of all continents

A

A. Along mid-ocean ridges

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22
Q

What happens during embryonic stage of ocean basin?
A. Formation of narrow seas with matching coasts
B. Formation of young to mature mountain belts
C. Formation of ocean basin with continental margins
D. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on continents

A

D. Formation of complex system of linear rift valleys on continents

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23
Q

How will you categorize the stage of the ocean basin that formed island arcs and trenches around basin edge?
A. Declining
B. Embryonic
C. Juvenile
D. None of the above

A

A. Declining

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24
Q

Myra understands the characteristics of Agnatha when she describes it as:
A. a primitive jawless fish
B. a primitive armored fish with cartilage skeleton
C. a fish with jaw
D. a fish with legs

A

A. a primitive jawless fish

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25
Q

What is the smallest main unit of geologic time?
A. eon
B. era
C. epoch
D. period

A

C. epoch

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26
Q

What are the common fossils?
A. Bones and teeth
B. Spores and seeds
C. Options A and B are correct.
D. Options A and B are incorrect.

A

C. Options A and B are correct.

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27
Q

Which Era represents “ancient life”?

A

Paleozoic era

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28
Q

Fossils are the preserved remains or traces of plants and animals that have lived on Earth throughout Earth’s history. How does the fossil record of animals compare to animals that exist today?
A. Animals in the fossil record are the same as animals that exist today.
B. Animals in the fossil record are ancestors of animals that exist today.
C. Animals in the fossil record have no similarities to animals that exist today.
D. Animals in the fossil record are more complex than animals that exist today.

A

B. Animals in the fossil record are ancestors of animals that exist today.

29
Q

Which geological dating technique determines the actual age of a fossil?

A

Absolute dating

30
Q

How many half-lives have passed if a rock contains 25% isotopes and 75% daughter isotopes?

A

Two (2) half-lives

31
Q

Which of the following indicates the relative age of a rock layer?
A. The thickness of the layer
B. The chemical make-up of the rock
C. The distance of the layer over the Earth
D. The position of the layer compared to other layers

A

D. The position of the layer compared to other layers

32
Q

An undeformed sedimentary layer is ____ than the layer above and _____ than the layer below.

A

older
younger

33
Q

Why do plates of the Earth is slowly moving in an unnoticeable manner?
A. Because of the energy from the Sun
B. Due to movement of faults in Mountain Ranges
C. Light form the natural satellite
D. Due to convection currents in the mantle

A

D. Due to convection currents in the mantle

34
Q

How does the movement of plates affect the surface of the Earth?
A. When the plates move slide past each other mountain ranges were formed.
B. It may result to the formation and deformation of landforms.
C. It may create earthquakes along fault lines far from the origin of movement.
D. Rising and falling movement of plates may result to the formation of mountains and volcanoes.

A

B. It may result to the formation and deformation of landforms

35
Q

What is the moving of sediments from their original position called?
A. deposition
B. erosion
C. lithification
D. weathering

A

B. erosion

36
Q

What are the agents of weathering?

A

Water
Salt
Temperature
Plants

37
Q

What are the types of weathering?

A

Physical
Chemical
Biological

38
Q

Caused by rainwater reacting with the mineral grains in rocks to form new minerals (clays) and soluble salts.

A

Chemical weathering

39
Q

What are the types of physical weathering?

A

Abrasion
Freeze-thaw
Exfoliation

40
Q

Caused by the effects of changing temperatures on rocks, causing rock to break apart.

A

Physical Weathering

41
Q

What are the types of chemical weathering?

A

Carbonation
Hydrolysis
Hydration
Oxidation

42
Q

The breakdown of rock by acidic water

A

Hydrolysis

43
Q

It occurs when rocks are awakened through different biological agents.

A

Biological Weathering

44
Q

What are the Earth’s heat sources?

A

Primordial Heat
Radioactive Heat
Through Gravitational Pressure
Dense Core Material

45
Q

Heat that is produced from radioactive decay of some naturally occurring isotopes.

A

Radioactive Heat

46
Q

Heat from the collision of gases and dusts during the formation of the Earth.

A

Primordial Heat

47
Q

A geological process that was formed, originated and located below the surface of the Earth.

A

Endogenic process

48
Q

Happens due to the different melting points of the minerals mixed into the mantle rocks

A

Partial Melting

49
Q

Happens if a rock is close to its melting point and some water or carbon dioxide is added to the rock.

A

Flux Melting

50
Q

Magma escapes in two forms, what are they called?

A

Intrusion
Extrusion

51
Q

It is an eruption of magmatic materials that causes land formation on the surface of the Earth.

A

Extrusion

52
Q

Refers to all sorts of igneous geological activities taking place below the Earth’s surface

A

Plutonism

53
Q

Is a process of mineral assemblance and texture variation that results from the physical-chemical changes of solid rocks, caused by factors such as crust movement, magma activity, or thermal fluid change in the Earth.

A

Metamorphism

54
Q

Both plays a crucial role in metamorphism
A. Density and pressure
B. Temperature and pressure
C. Density and gravity
D. Temperature and density

A

B. Temperature and pressure

55
Q

Types of pressure

A

Confining pressure/Vertical stress
Differential pressure/Directed

56
Q

A device that bounces sound waves off underwater objects and then record the echoes of these sound waves.

A

SONAR (Sound Navigation and Ranging)

57
Q

Name of the supercontinent

A

PANGAEA

58
Q

The layers of rocks are continuous until they encounter other solid bodies that block their deposition

A

Law of Original Horizontality

59
Q

A buried erosional or non-depositional surface that separate the different-age loan masses or strata

A

Law of Unconformities

60
Q

Geologic feature which cuts another is the younger of the two features.

A

Law of Crosscutting Relationship

61
Q

All rock layers are originally laid down horizontally and can be later deformed; Allows us to infer that something must have happened to the rocks to make them tilted.

A

Law of Lateral Continuity

62
Q

Any undisturbed sequence of rocks deposited in layers

A

Law of Superposition

63
Q

In the Law of Superposition, the _____ layer is on top and the ____ is on the bottom
A. disturbed; undisturbed
B. oldest; youngest
C.undisturbed; disturbed
D. youngest; oldest

A

D. youngest; oldest

64
Q

Called the original rock in metamorphic grading

A

Protolith (e.g. shale)

65
Q

Dating that is used to determine the age by comparison between nearby layers

A

Relative Dating

66
Q

The fossils of one layer is compared with another layer with known dating

A

Cross Dating

67
Q

Type of a relative dating that assumes that the lowest layer is the oldest and the topmost layer is the youngest.

A

Stratigraphy

68
Q

The difference between relative dating and absolute dating is that, relative dating is a ____ dating whereas absolute dating is a ____ dating

A

qualitative
quantitative

69
Q

Types of absolute dating

A

Radiometric dating
Amino Acid datinf
Dendrochronology
Thermoluminescence

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