Earth Science Flashcards by Jewel Magno

In the early part of the 20th century, geologists
studied the vibrations (________) generated
by earthquakes to learn more about the structure
of the earth’s interior

(seismic waves)

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They discovered that it is
made up of these distinct layers:

Crust, mantle and core

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

it’s the earth’s outermost and
thinnest layer,

Crust

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Two types of crust:

Oceanic and continental

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Land, Less dense

Continental crust

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Made up of light granitic rocks, made up mostly aluminum silicates

Continental crust

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Under the water, Composed of dense basaltic rocks made up of magnesium silicates, Denser

Oceanic crust

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Thickest layer of the earth

Mantle

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LAYERS OF THE EART

Dense layer made of hot, semisolid rock

Mantle

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Mantle is subdivided into two regions;

Upper and lower mantle

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

is the only liquid layer of the earth

Outer core

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Fluid in motion, molten in nature that’s why it has the ability to flow.

• exhibits convection which carries heat into the mantle

Outer core

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

protects our planet from cosmic radiation

Magnetic field; outer core

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

extremely hot, solid sphere of mostly iron and nickel

Inner core

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Hottest part of the Earth

Inner core

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Made up of the crust and a tiny bit of the upper mantle

Lithosphere

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Solid and rigid layer of our planet

Lithosphere

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

•carnics continent, ocean and landform,mountain.
•Depends what particular formation lies apart

Lithospheric plates

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

The plates of the lithosphere move (or float) on this hot, malleable semi liquid zone in the upper mantle, directly underneath the lithosphere.

Asthenosphere

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LAYERS OF THE EARTH

It is 180 km thick contains hot molten rocks also known as ______.

Magma; Asthenosphere

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What is PLATE TECTONICS?

Earth is constantly undergoing minor and major changes externally and internally. It has been proposed that today’s continents were once joined together and gradually drifted apart as a result of tectonic forces.

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PLATE TECTONICS

during the permian period, the continents were once joined together in one large mass called ______.

Pangaea

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PLATE TECTONICS

Pangaea, the supercontinent, broke into two smaller supercontinents ______ and ______

Gondwana and Laurasia

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PLATE TECTONICS

Eduard Suess hypothesized that _______ were split into different continents

Gondwana

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PLATE TECTONICS Enumerate the continents in Gondwana:

•AFRICA •ANTARCTICA •SOUTH AMERICA •AUSTRALIA •SUBCONTINENTS OF INDIA

PLATE TECTONICS In 1937, South African geologist Alexander du Toit, coined that ______ was the precursor to the other continents

Laurasia

PLATE TECTONICS Enumerate the continents in Laurasia:

•ASIA •EUROPE •NORTH AMERICA

PLATE TECTONICS theory?

a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller plates of the Earth’s lithosphere,

PLATE TECTONICS lithospheric movement occurs due to the convection in the mantle

Convection current

PLATE TECTONICS a meteorologist of the beginning of the 20 th century, as the father of the theory

Alfred Wegener

PLATE TECTONICS The theory suggested that as earth cooled after it’s formation, it’s surface contracted and wrinkled, with these wrinkles being the mountain ranges on Earth’s surface

Contraction Theory

PLATE TECTONICS Contraction Theory

One of the earliest theory suggested that the planet was once a molten ball and in the process of cooling the surface cracked and folded up on itself.

PLATE TECTONICS It describes the process wherein tectonic plates are said to move away from each other, thus creating the ocean floor

Continental Drift Theory

PLATE TECTONICS What is Continental Drift Theory?

Wegener hypothesized that the supercontinent Pangaea is just one solid mass that broke down into continents/landmass

PLATE TECTONICS Why does Continental Drift Theory was critized?

It is because there's no clear reason why continents are moving

PLATE TECTONICS Evidence of Continental Drift Theory

• Fossils of animals and plants from different parts of the earth. • rock layers and mountain ranges that fits together

PLATE TECTONICS a geological process in which tectonics plates split apart from each other. ( underneath the sea/underneath the ocean floor )

Seafloor spreading

PLATE TECTONICS he outlined a theory that could explain how the continents could actually drift.

Harry Hess

PLATE TECTONICS What did Harry Hess discovered?

Discovered that oceans where shallower in the middle

PLATE TECTONICS He used _____, that way he was able to know the processes that’s happening on the ocean floor.

Sonar; Harry Hess

PLATE TECTONICS Plate tectonics explain that Earth’s lithosphere is composed of many independent massive slabs of solid rocks called ____

Plates

PLATE TECTONICS ENUMERATE THE 7 PRIMARY PLATES

• North American Plate • Eurasian Plate • Pacific Plate • South American Plate • African Plate • Australian Plate • Antarctic Plate

PLATE TECTONICS 8 SECONDARY PLATES

• Philippine sea Plate • Juan de Fuca Plate • Cocos Plate • Caribbean Plate • Nazca plate • Scotia platet • Arabian plate • Indian plate

PLATE TECTONICS What are Plates?

These are small slabs of lithosphere plates

PLATE TECTONICS Can it be a single landmass or supercontinent after 250 million years?

The answer is YES – Pangaea Proxima explains this

PLATE TECTONICS what is Pangaea Proxima?

it explains that it is possible to be a single landmass or supercontinent again, because it’s still moving at this point it might be a bigger landmass.

What is PLATE BOUNDARIES?

Where two or more plates meet - boundary/edge of the plates

PLATE BOUNDARIES Most _________, ________, and _______ around the world are located near the plate boundaries

Active Volcanoes, mountain range, oceanic ridges

PLATE BOUNDARIES A series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and connected by high ground. (Example: Sierra Madre)

Mountain Range

PLATE BOUNDARIES a series of mountain ranges with similarity in structure (Example: Appalachians Mt. in N. America)

Mountain Belt

PLATE BOUNDARIES _______ is the process of bending the crust towards the mantle.

Subduction

PLATE BOUNDARIES most volcanoes and trenches ( deepest part of earth) are formed here

Subduction zone

PLATE BOUNDARIES 3 HEAT TRANSFER

• CONDUCTION • RADIATION • CONVECTION

PLATE BOUNDARIES hotter part will rise while the colder part sinks (uneven heating)

Convection Cells

PLATE BOUNDARIES It can be compared to a boiling pot

Convection Cells

PLATE BOUNDARIES important for the production of CONVECTION CELLS.

Temperature Difference

PLATE BOUNDARIES The regions between plates are aptly called plate boundaries. As the plates move, fractures called ____ develop on Earth’s crust

Faults

PLATE BOUNDARIES Plates may move _____, move ______, or move _________

Toward, Apart, Past one another

PLATE BOUNDARIES three types of plate boundary

• Divergent Plate Boundary • Convergent Plate Boundary • Transform Plate Boundary

PLATE BOUNDARIES What is Divergent Plate Boundary?

When two plates move apart/away from each other

PLATE BOUNDARIES When two plates move away from each other, it can form;

• new ocean floor • mid-oceanic ridges • rift valleys

PLATE BOUNDARIES new ocean floor

Divergent boundary

PLATE BOUNDARIES Mid-oceanic ridges

Divergent boundary

PLATE BOUNDARIES Ridt valleys

Divergent boundary

PLATE BOUNDARIES Volcanic island

Covergent Boundary; O-O oceanic collision

PLATE BOUNDARIES Underwater volcanoes

Convergent; O-O

PLATE BOUNDARIES Volcanic mountains

Convergent; O-C

PLATE BOUNDARIES Volcanoes

Convergent; O-C

PLATE BOUNDARIES Trenches

Convergent Boundary; O-C

PLATE BOUNDARIES Mountains

Convergent; C-C

PLATE BOUNDARIES Mountain Ranges

Convergent; C-C

PLATE BOUNDARIES What is Convergent Boundary?

occurs when two plates move toward each other

PLATE BOUNDARIES form either a subduction zone or an orogenic belt.

Convergent boundary

PLATE BOUNDARIES if one plate moves underneath the other.

Subduction zone

PLATE BOUNDARIES if the two plates simply collide or compress. A region of deformed rocks.

Orogenic belt

PLATE BOUNDARIES THREE KINDS OF CONVERGENCE

Oceanic-oceanic collision Oceanic-continental collision Continental-continental collision

PLATE BOUNDARIES VOLCANIC ISLAND and UNDERWATER VOLCANOES are formed here

Oceanic-oceanic collision

PLATE BOUNDARIES In ________ the oceanic plate goes down. As the denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate and descents into the mantle, the temperature increases causing the rocks to melt and form magma.

Oceanic-continental collision

PLATE BOUNDARIES VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES and TRENCHES are formed.

convergent; O-C

PLATE BOUNDARIES Ocean Floor

Divergent

PLATE BOUNDARIES Transform Plate Boundary, definition

The plates slide against one another in opposite directions.

PLATE BOUNDARIES No mountains or volcanoes are produced. Instead, _________ result from the movement of plates.

EARTHQUAKES

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS What makes Massive plates move?

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the plates of the earth’s crust continually move, although the speed at which they do so is so small- about 2.5 cm per year.

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS The movement of plates is influenced by two types of forces:

Driving force and Resisting force

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS These either push tectonic plates toward one another or pull them apart. (push and pull)

Driving forces

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS These act against the driving forces of plate tectonics.(friction)

Resisting forces

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS TYPES OF DRIVING FORCE:

• MANTLE CONVECTION • SLAB PULL • RIDGE PUSH • SLAB/TRENCH SUCTION

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS caused by the rising heat from the core toward the mantle. C________ c_____ drive the plates away from one another.

Driving force; Mantle/Thermal Convetion; convection current

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS occurs when a subducting slab sinks into the mantle because of a difference in temperature.

Driving force; • Slab pull

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS occurs when the lithosphere is pushed up by the asthenosphere because of convection currents from the mantle. Gravity pushes the plate down the ridge and a new crust is formed.

Driving force; Ridge push

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS Happens between two colliding plates, one subducting underneath the other, whereby convection currents in the upper mantle suck both plates down.

Driving force; Slab/trench suction

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS TYPES OF RESISTING FORCE:

SLAB RESISTANCE, COLLISIONAL RESISTANCE,TRANSFORM FAULT RESISTANCE

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS It is the force that resists all forces associated with plate movement in subduction zones.

Resisting force; Slab resistance

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS It occurs when a heavy plate is pulled into the mantle but resists subduction because of friction.

Resisting force; Collisional resistance

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS It is the frictional force due to the opposing movement of plates moving past one another between two spreading centers.

Resisting force; Transform Fault Resistance