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Earth Science Flashcards

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1
Q

In the early part of the 20th century, geologists
studied the vibrations (________) generated
by earthquakes to learn more about the structure
of the earth’s interior

A

(seismic waves)

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2
Q

They discovered that it is
made up of these distinct layers:

A

Crust, mantle and core

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3
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

it’s the earth’s outermost and
thinnest layer,

A

Crust

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4
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Two types of crust:

A

Oceanic and continental

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5
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Land, Less dense

A

Continental crust

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6
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Made up of light granitic rocks, made up mostly aluminum silicates

A

Continental crust

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7
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Under the water, Composed of dense basaltic rocks made up of magnesium silicates, Denser

A

Oceanic crust

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8
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Thickest layer of the earth

A

Mantle

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9
Q

LAYERS OF THE EART

Dense layer made of hot, semisolid rock

A

Mantle

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10
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Mantle is subdivided into two regions;

A

Upper and lower mantle

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11
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

is the only liquid layer of the earth

A

Outer core

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12
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Fluid in motion, molten in nature that’s why it has the ability to flow.

• exhibits convection which carries heat into the mantle

A

Outer core

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13
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

protects our planet from cosmic radiation

A

Magnetic field; outer core

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14
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

extremely hot, solid sphere of mostly iron and nickel

A

Inner core

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15
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Hottest part of the Earth

A

Inner core

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16
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Made up of the crust and a tiny bit of the upper mantle

A

Lithosphere

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17
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

Solid and rigid layer of our planet

A

Lithosphere

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18
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

•carnics continent, ocean and landform,mountain.
•Depends what particular formation lies apart

A

Lithospheric plates

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19
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

The plates of the lithosphere move (or float) on this hot, malleable semi liquid zone in the upper mantle, directly underneath the lithosphere.

A

Asthenosphere

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20
Q

LAYERS OF THE EARTH

It is 180 km thick contains hot molten rocks also known as ______.

A

Magma; Asthenosphere

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21
Q

What is PLATE TECTONICS?

A

Earth is constantly undergoing minor and major changes externally and internally. It has been proposed that today’s continents were once joined together and gradually drifted apart as a result of tectonic forces.

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22
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

during the permian period, the continents were once joined together in one large mass called ______.

A

Pangaea

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23
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Pangaea, the supercontinent, broke into two smaller supercontinents ______ and ______

A

Gondwana and Laurasia

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24
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Eduard Suess hypothesized that _______ were split into different continents

A

Gondwana

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25
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Enumerate the continents in Gondwana:

A

•AFRICA
•ANTARCTICA
•SOUTH AMERICA
•AUSTRALIA
•SUBCONTINENTS OF INDIA

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26
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

In 1937, South African geologist Alexander du Toit, coined that ______ was the precursor to the other continents

A

Laurasia

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27
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Enumerate the continents in Laurasia:

A

•ASIA
•EUROPE
•NORTH AMERICA

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28
Q

PLATE TECTONICS theory?

A

a scientific theory describing the large-scale motion of seven large plates and the movements of a larger number of smaller platesof the Earth’s lithosphere,

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29
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

lithospheric movement occurs due to the convection in the mantle

A

Convection current

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30
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

a meteorologist of the beginning of the 20 th century, as the father of the theory

A

Alfred Wegener

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31
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

The theory suggested that as earth cooled after it’s formation, it’s surface contracted and wrinkled, with these wrinkles being the mountain ranges on Earth’s surface

A

Contraction Theory

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32
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Contraction Theory

A

One of the earliest theory
suggested that the planet was once
a molten ball and in the process of cooling the surface cracked and folded up on itself.

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33
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

It describes the process wherein tectonic plates are said to move away from each other, thus creating the ocean floor

A

Continental Drift Theory

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34
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

What is Continental Drift Theory?

A

Wegener hypothesized that the supercontinent Pangaea is just one solid mass that broke down into continents/landmass

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35
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Why does Continental Drift Theory was critized?

A

It is because there’s no clear reason why continents are moving

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36
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Evidence of Continental Drift Theory

A

• Fossils of animals and plants from different parts of the earth.
• rock layers and mountain ranges that fits together

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37
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

a geological process in which tectonics plates split apart from each other. ( underneath the sea/underneath the ocean floor )

A

Seafloor spreading

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38
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

he outlined a theory that could explain how the continents could actually drift.

A

Harry Hess

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39
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

What did Harry Hess discovered?

A

Discovered that oceans where shallower in the middle

40
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

He used _____, that way he was able to know the processes that’s happening on the ocean floor.

A

Sonar; Harry Hess

41
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Plate tectonics explain that Earth’s lithosphere is composed of many independent massive slabs of solid rocks called ____

A

Plates

42
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

ENUMERATE THE 7 PRIMARY PLATES

A

• North American Plate
• Eurasian Plate
• Pacific Plate
• South American Plate
• African Plate
• Australian Plate
• Antarctic Plate

43
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

8 SECONDARY PLATES

A

• Philippine sea Plate
• Juan de Fuca Plate
• Cocos Plate
• Caribbean Plate
• Nazca plate
• Scotia platet
• Arabian plate
• Indian plate

44
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

What are Plates?

A

These are small slabs of lithosphere plates

45
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

Can it be a single landmass or supercontinent after 250 million years?

A

The answer is YES
– Pangaea Proxima explains this

46
Q

PLATE TECTONICS

what is Pangaea Proxima?

A

it explains that it is possible to be a single landmass or supercontinent again, because it’s still moving at this point it might be a bigger landmass.

47
Q

What is PLATE BOUNDARIES?

A

Where two or more plates meet
- boundary/edge of the plates

48
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Most _________, ________, and _______ around the world are located near the plate boundaries

A

Active Volcanoes, mountain range, oceanic ridges

49
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

A series of mountains or hills ranged in a line and connected by high ground. (Example: Sierra Madre)

A

Mountain Range

50
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

a series of mountain ranges with similarity in structure (Example: Appalachians Mt. in N. America)

A

Mountain Belt

51
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

_______ is the process of bending the crust towards the mantle.

A

Subduction

52
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

most volcanoes and trenches ( deepest part of earth) are formed here

A

Subduction zone

53
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

3 HEAT TRANSFER

A

• CONDUCTION
• RADIATION
• CONVECTION

54
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

hotter part will rise while the colder part sinks (uneven heating)

A

Convection Cells

55
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

It can be compared to a boiling pot

A

Convection Cells

56
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

important for the production of CONVECTION CELLS.

A

Temperature Difference

57
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

The regions between plates are aptly called plate boundaries. As the plates move, fractures called ____ develop on Earth’s crust

A

Faults

58
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Plates may move _____, move ______, or move _________

A

Toward, Apart, Past one another

59
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

three types of plate boundary

A

• Divergent Plate Boundary
• Convergent Plate Boundary
• Transform Plate Boundary

60
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

What is Divergent Plate Boundary?

A

When two plates move apart/away from each other

61
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

When two plates move away from each other, it can form;

A

• new ocean floor
• mid-oceanic ridges
• rift valleys

62
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

new ocean floor

A

Divergent boundary

63
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Mid-oceanic ridges

A

Divergent boundary

64
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Ridt valleys

A

Divergent boundary

65
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Volcanic island

A

Covergent Boundary; O-O oceanic collision

66
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Underwater volcanoes

A

Convergent; O-O

67
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Volcanic mountains

A

Convergent; O-C

68
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Volcanoes

A

Convergent; O-C

69
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Trenches

A

Convergent Boundary; O-C

70
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Mountains

A

Convergent; C-C

71
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Mountain Ranges

A

Convergent; C-C

72
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

What is Convergent Boundary?

A

occurs when two plates move toward each other

73
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

form either a subduction zone or an orogenic belt.

A

Convergent boundary

74
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

if one plate moves underneath the other.

A

Subduction zone

75
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

if the two plates simply collide or compress. A region of deformed rocks.

A

Orogenic belt

76
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

THREE KINDS OF CONVERGENCE

A

Oceanic-oceanic collision
Oceanic-continental collision
Continental-continental collision

77
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

VOLCANIC ISLAND and UNDERWATER VOLCANOES are formed here

A

Oceanic-oceanic collision

78
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

In ________ the oceanic plate goes down. As the denser oceanic plate subducts beneath the continental plate and descents into the mantle, the temperature increases causing the rocks to melt and form magma.

A

Oceanic-continental collision

79
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS, VOLCANOES and TRENCHES are formed.

A

convergent; O-C

80
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Ocean Floor

A

Divergent

81
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

Transform Plate Boundary, definition

A

The plates slide against one another in opposite directions.

82
Q

PLATE BOUNDARIES

No mountains or volcanoes are produced. Instead, _________ result from the movement of
plates.

A

EARTHQUAKES

83
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

What makes Massive plates move?

A

According to the theory of plate tectonics, the plates of the earth’s crust continually move, although the speed at which they do so is so small- about 2.5 cm per year.

84
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

The movement of plates is influenced by two types of forces:

A

Driving force and Resisting force

85
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

These either push tectonic plates toward one another or pull them apart. (push and pull)

A

Driving forces

86
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

These act against the driving forces of plate tectonics.(friction)

A

Resisting forces

87
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

TYPES OF DRIVING FORCE:

A

• MANTLE CONVECTION
• SLAB PULL
• RIDGE PUSH
• SLAB/TRENCH SUCTION

88
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

caused by the rising heat from the core toward the mantle. C________ c_____ drive the plates away from one another.

A

Driving force;

Mantle/Thermal Convetion; convection current

89
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

occurs when a subducting slab sinks into the mantle because of a difference in temperature.

A

Driving force;

• Slab pull

90
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

occurs when the lithosphere is pushed up by the asthenosphere because of convection currents from the mantle.

Gravity pushes the plate down the
ridge and a new crust is formed.

A

Driving force;

Ridge push

91
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

Happens between two colliding plates, one subducting underneath the other, whereby convection currents in the upper mantle suck both plates down.

A

Driving force;

Slab/trench suction

92
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

TYPES OF RESISTING FORCE:

A

SLAB RESISTANCE, COLLISIONAL RESISTANCE,TRANSFORM FAULT RESISTANCE

93
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

It is the force that resists all forces associated with plate movement in subduction zones.

A

Resisting force;

Slab resistance

94
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

It occurs when a heavy plate is pulled into the mantle but resists subduction because of friction.

A

Resisting force;

Collisional resistance

95
Q

MECHANISMS OF PLATE MOVEMENTS

It is the frictional force due to the opposing movement of plates moving past one another between two spreading centers.

A

Resisting force;

Transform Fault Resistance

Science 10 (2 decks)

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