Earth Materials

Question 1

The hierarchy of solid matter on Earth in ascending order

Answer 1

Atoms → Elements → Compounds → Minerals → Rocks

Question 2

These elements have a tendency to concentrate in the gaseous atmosphere of a planet or celestial body. Examples of these elements include hydrogen, helium, neon, argon, and xenon.

Answer 2

Atmophile

Question 3

These elements have a strong affinity for silicate minerals and tend to concentrate in the solid, rocky parts of a planet, such as the crust and mantle. Examples of these elements include silicon, aluminum, potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium.

Answer 3

Lithophile

Question 4

These elements have a strong affinity for sulfur and tend to concentrate in sulfide minerals. Examples of these elements include copper, zinc, lead, and molybdenum.

Answer 4

Chalcophile

Question 5

These elements have a strong affinity for iron and tend to concentrate in the metallic core of a planet. Examples of these elements include iron, nickel, cobalt, platinum, and gold.

Answer 5

Siderophile

Question 6

what makes up the atomic weight of an atom?

Answer 6

The sum of all the protons and neutrons present in the atom

Question 7

consists of elements that combine in a specific ratio.

Answer 7

Chemical compounds

Question 8

The smallest quantity of a compound is called

Answer 8

molecule

Question 9

What holds molecules together?

Answer 9

Chemical bonds

Question 10

electrons are transferred between atoms forming attracting ions

Answer 10

Ionic Bonding

Question 11

electrons are shared between atoms

Answer 11

Covalent Bonding

Question 12

electrons drift around from atom to atom

Answer 12

Metallic Bonding

Question 13

sheets of covalently bonded atoms held together by
weak electrostatic forces

Answer 13

Van der Waal bonds

Question 14

Definition of a mineral

Answer 14

✓ naturally occurring
✓ inorganic
✓ definite chemical composition
✓ ordered crystalline structure
✓ homogenous solid

Question 15

What element is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust?

Answer 15

Oxygen

Question 16

What is the percentage of iron in the Earth’s crust?

Answer 16

8.1%

Question 17

minerals with the same chemical composition but different crystal structures

Answer 17

polymorphs

Question 18

Minerals taking crystal form of another, pre-existing mineral

Answer 18

Pseudomorphs

Question 19

A solid aggregate (mixture) of minerals

Answer 19

Rock

Question 20

It is a measure of the resistance of a mineral to scratching
and abrasion, and is usually measured in comparison to
other minerals of known hardness

Answer 20

Hardness

Question 21

Three types of diaphaneity

Answer 21

Transparent
Translucent
Opaque

Question 22

What is the optimal water to HCL ratio used for the field?

Answer 22

9:1

Question 23

The difference between pyroelectricity and peizoelectricity?

Answer 23

Pyroelectricity is caused by temperature, while

Question 24

Why Does Quartz Have So Many Varieties?

Answer 24

due to different environments / impurities while the quartz crystal is forming

Question 25

the in-situ physical disintegration and chemical breakdown of rocks

Answer 25

Weathering

Question 26

when deep rocks are exposed, the removal of overburden causes sub-horizontal cracks to form causing the rock to easily peel away like layers of an onion

Answer 26

exfoliation joint

Question 27

water fills cracks, freezes, expands, and forces cracks to open causing them to grow; can lift large blocks

Answer 27

Frost wedging

Question 28

mechanical weathering processes create an apron or pile of debris at the margins of slopes called

Answer 28

talus / talus deposits

Question 29

refers to the degree of similarity in particle size in a sedimentary rock

Answer 29

sorting

Question 30

The first areas to be weathered in a cubic rock are the

Answer 30

corners