Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GR 12 First Sem Midterms > Earth & Life Science > Flashcards

Earth & Life Science Flashcards

1
Q

defined as all existing matter and space considered as a whole. The observable universe is believed to be at least 93 billion light years in diameter and constantly expanding since the big bang 13.8 billion years ago.

A

The Universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It describes the universe as originating in an infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point or singularity between 13 to 14 billion years ago.

A

Big Bang Model of the Universe (1929)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The universe expanded from the size of an atom to 1035 meters in width.

A

Inflationary Epoch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The universe continues to expand. It became distinct: gravity, strong nuclear force that held the nuclei together, weak nuclear force and electromagnetic force.

A

Formation of the Universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Protons, and neutrons combine to form hydrogen nucleic. Then hydrogen began to combine in pairs to form helium nuclie. This process is called nucleosynthesis.

A

Formation of Basic Elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Most of energy in the universe was in the form of radiation. These include different wavelengths of light, X-rays, radio waves and UV rays.

A

Radiation era

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Matter began to dominate and the end of radiation era at this stage, lithium atom began to formed. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make scales neutral atoms.

A

Matter domination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The slightly irregular areas of gas cloud, gravitational attract nearby matter and became denser. The dense gas clouds collapsed and eventually gain enough mass to ignite producing light.

A

Birth of the Stars and Galaxies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

is a representation of an idea, an object or even a process that is used to describe and explain phenomena that cannot be experienced directly.

A

model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

two popular models about the Solar System

A

Claudius Ptolemy’s geocentric model & Nicholas Copernicus’ heliocentric model

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The quantity of rotation of a body, which is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity.

A

Angular momentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

were the first to propose the earliest theory of how the Solar System originated.

A

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749-1827)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

presumes that the Solar System began as cloud of dispersed interstellar gas called nebula

A

The Kant-Laplace nebular hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Characterized by its blue waters, rocky brown and green land masses with white grounds set against the black background. It is made up of erratic, complex and interactive systems that make it constantly changing planet.

A

Earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

2 types of layers of the earth

A

Compositional Layer & Mechanical Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Parts of Compositional layer

A

Crust, Mantle, Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parts of Mechanical Layer

A

Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Inner/Outer Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Outermost layer of earth. It is made up of large rocks divided into two forms; oceanic crust and continental

A

Crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is mostly solid rocks and minerals and marked by malleable semi-solid magma. It represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the planet.

A

Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is entirely made up of metal alloy such as iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni). Other elements found in the Earth’s core are siderophiles.

A

Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

it is the largest and second to the last layer of our planet. It is about 2,200 km thick and composed entirely super heated liquid molten lava of liquid iron and nickel.

A

Outer Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The final layer of the Earth is the inner core which is an exceedingly hot, dense huge of mostly iron 2500km wide.

A

Inner Core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

is caused by breaking down of rocks or explosions

A

Seismic Waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The Earth’s Four Subsystems

A

Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

It is believed that at the beginning of the Earth, the continents are all locked up into a huge landmass

A

Pangaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

seven continents in the world

A

North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The Earth’s hydrosphere can be in a form of liquid, vapor and ice such as glaciers, ice caps and ice bergs. This frozen part is called

A

Cryosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Earth’s major oceans

A

Pacific ocean, Atlantic ocean, Arctic ocean, Southern ocean, Indian ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Oceans may be divided into layers known as zones.

A

horizontal or vertical zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

2 zone of horizontal zone

A

Coastal and Pelagic Zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is the region in which sea bottom is exposed during low tide and is covered during high tide. Some animals have adapted to this environment like sea stars, sea urchins and some species of coral.

A

Coastal zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

is located sea ward of the coastal zone’s low tide mark. This is always covered with water.

A

Pelagic zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

two divisions of Pelagic Zones

A

neritic zone and oceanic zone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

begin at sea level and end at the deepest point in the ocean. There are five zones. Each zone receives different amount of sunlight.

A

Vertical zones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

is the zone that gets a lot of sunlight resulting to an abundance of aquatic plants. Common animals found in this zone include seals, sea turtles, sea lions, ray, and sharks.

A

Epipelagic zone or the sunlight zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

is characterized by dim light due to the limited amount of sunlight it receives. Ono plants are found in this region. Lilly fish, octopus, and squid are found in this region.

A

Mesopelagic zone or the twilight zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

does not receive any sunlight. Animals that live here lack eyes. Some animals can be found in this are like viperfish, anglerfish, stripe eel, and tripod fish.

A

Bathypelagic zone or the midnight zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

is described as deep sea. Most animals living in this area are invertebrate like blind shrimps, small squids, and hagfish.

A

Abyssopelagic zone or the abyss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

is the deepest part of the ocean. This zone is mostly found in deep water trenches and canyons. Some animals exist here like sea cucumber and tube worms.

A

Hadalpelagic zone or the trenches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

This thin layer of gas envelops our planer is necessary to sustain life because it contains gases essential for humans and animals to breathe.

A

Atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Layers of the Atmosphere

A

Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

It contains about 80% of the total mass of the atmosphere. Most of the water vapor present in the atmosphere is found in the troposphere. All weather-associated cloud types are found in this layer.

A

Troposphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

extends up to 50km high. It is the region where we can find the ozone layer which absorbs and scatters the solar ultraviolet radiation.

A

Stratosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

This region is above the stratosphere and extends to 85km. Meteors usually burn up in this region as they approach our planet. The coldest region in the atmosphere

A

Mesosphere

44
Q

extends up to 500km above the mesosphere. It is where aurora and satellites occur. The temperature in this layer can rise to as high as 1500 degrees Celsius.

A

Thermosphere

45
Q

is the upper limit of our atmosphere. It extends rom the top of thermosphere up to 10,000km (6,200 mi)

A

Exosphere

46
Q

contains all the Earth’s living things (plants and animals). It is sometimes referred to as the “zone of life”.

A

Biosphere

47
Q

4 types of biomes

A

Aquatic, Forests, Desert, Tundra

48
Q

Types of Forest

A

Tropical Rainforests, Temperate Deciduous Forest, Taiga Forest

49
Q

includes freshwater (ponds, lakes, rivers, etc.) and marine (ocean, estuaries, etc.).

A

Aquatic

50
Q

includes tropical, temperate, and taiga. Each type of forest has distinctive features dominated by grasses, large shrubs, and trees.

A

Forests

51
Q

are found closer to the equator where it is warm. It is hot, moist biome where it all rains all year long.

A

Tropical Rainforests

52
Q

4 different layers of tropical rainforests

A

Emergent Layer, Canopy Layer, Middle Layer (Understory), Bottom Layer (Forest Floor)

53
Q

It is a biome that is always changing. It has four distinct seasons: winter, spring, summer and fall.

A

Temperate Deciduous Forest

54
Q

also known as boreal forest. It is composed primarily of cone-bearing needled of scale-leaved evergreen trees, found in the northern circumpolar forested regions characterized by long winters and moderate to high annual precipitation.

A

Taiga Forest

55
Q

is characterized by low rainfall (less than 50cm/year). Most deserts have specialized vegetation as well as specialized animals that can adapt to its condition.

A

Desert

56
Q

is the coldest of all the biomes, it has low biotic diversity and simple vegetation structure. Tundra is also known for large stretches or bare ground and rock and for patchy mantles of low vegetations such as mosses, lichens, herbs and small shrubs.

A

Tundra

57
Q

has the following characteristics: is inorganic, represented by a chemical formula, is solid found in nature.

A

Mineral

58
Q

is an aggregate of one or more minerals.

A

rock

59
Q

Properties of Minerals

A

Optical Properties, Mineral Strength

60
Q

is the quality of light that being reflected by the surface of a mineral.

A

Luster

61
Q

is the property of a mineral that is easiest to identify. It is also considered an unreliable property when it comes to identifying the minerals since slight impurities can affect color.

A

Color

62
Q

is the color of the mineral in powdered form. This property is often used in identifying the mineral since it is very consistent unlike color.

A

Streak

63
Q

It determines how easy mineral breaks or deforms when exposed to stress. This can be determined by the chemical bonds between each crystal lattice.

A

Mineral Strength

64
Q

refers to the mineral’s resistance to breaking or deforming. This mineral can either be brittle, malleable or elastic.

A

Tenacity

65
Q

is the measure of a mineral’s resistance to abrasion or scratching. To determine the hardness of a mineral, a comparative hardness scale assigning numerical values to the hardness of a mineral was Friedrich Mohs.

A

Hardness

66
Q

is exhibited when a mineral breaks and smooth flat surfaces are formed from breakage.

A

Cleavage

67
Q

is a measurement done by minerologist to describe the density of the mineral. It represents the ratio of the mass of the mineral to the mass of equal volume of water.

A

Specific Gravity

68
Q

is any solid that is naturally found on Earth. It may consist of minerals, other pre-existing rocks or organic debris.

A

rock

69
Q

The process wherein rocks change into sedimentary, metamorphic rock and igneous rock.

A

Rock Cycle

70
Q

Types of Rocks

A

Igneous rocks, Sedimentary rocks, Metamorphic rocks

71
Q

Types of igneous rocks

A

Volcanic & Plutonic rocks

72
Q

Types of sedimentary rocks

A

Detrital, Chemical, Organic, Biochemical Sedimentary rocks

73
Q

form by the crystallization and solidification of molten rock. They made up 80% of the mass of the Earth’s crust. It is mostly classified based on their texture and mineral composition.

A

Igneous rocks

74
Q

are formed from magma erupted from a volcano. It is the most common rock types on Earth’s surface, particularly in the ocean. Basalt, rhyolite, andesite, and komatiite are examples of volcanic rocks.

A

Volcanic Rocks

75
Q

are crystallized slowly cooling magma below the surface of the Earth. Gabbro, granite, diorite and peridotite.

A

Plutonic rocks

76
Q

are those that are formed by accumulation, compaction and cementation of different particles that came from mechanical or chemical weathering. These rocks, therefore contain rock particles of different shapes and sizes.

A

Detrital sedimentary rocks

77
Q

form when dissolved materials precipitate. Precipitation is the process of separating a solid substance from a liquid.

A

Chemical sedimentary rocks

78
Q

are formed by accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic processes. These are rocks that may contain fossils of plants and animals trapped in the sediments as the rock was formed.

A

Organic Sedimentary rocks

79
Q

A. This rock, called coquina, consists of shell fragments; therefore, it has a biochemical origin. B. Seashells cover the beach at Sanibel Island, Florida.

A

Biochemical sedimentary rocks

80
Q

are derived from any pre-existing rocks by mineralogical, chemical and/or structural changes, in response to marked changes in temperature, pressure or the introduction of chemically active fluids, without melting the rocks.

A

Metamorphic rocks

81
Q

Some mineral grains become reoriented and aligned at right angles to the stress. The resulting orientation of mineral grains gives the rock a foliated (layered) texture.

A

Metamorphism

82
Q

are brought about by pressure. Pressure causes mineral grains to realign and certain materials to recrystallized. Examples of this are Slate, Schist and Gneiss.

A

Foliated textures

83
Q

are metamorphic rocks without layering, banding or alignment. Marble and Quartzite.

A

Non-foliated textures

84
Q

are external processes that occur at/or near the surface of the Earth. These are part of the rock cycle and responsible for transforming rock into sediment.

A

Exogenic Process

85
Q

is the mechanical and chemical hammer that breaks down and sculpts the rock.

A

Weathering

86
Q

refers to the breakdown of rocks without a change in its composition. Breakdown would mean that the rock is fractures, cracked or fragmented into smaller pieces.

A

Mechanical/Physical Weathering

87
Q

is the decomposition of rocks due to chemical reactions occurring between the minerals in rocks and the environment.

A

Chemical Weathering

88
Q

Rocks crumble and break into fragments because they are subjected to alternating hot and cold temperature many times. During the day, the sun heats the rocks. When a rock gets hot, it expands (an increase in volume), while at night, the rock gets cold causing contraction (decrease in volume).

A

Thermal and Pressure Change

89
Q

Tiny grains of sand are picked up and carried off by the wind, which are then blasted on the surface of rocks, smoothening them. This could wear away the rock and weather it.

A

Wind and Waves

90
Q

This happened particularly in cold climate. The freezing creates cracks. When the ice thaws, the water seeps into new cracks and causes more cracks as it freezes. Soon the rocks break apart.

A

Freeze and Thaw

91
Q

Animals and plants also take a heavy toll on rocks and causes them to wear away. For example, there are animals that dig holes on the ground and exposed rocks. It could also be an animal like rabbit that burrows into a crack in the rocks as it constantly burrows and makes the cracks bigger, it ends up ripping the rocks apart.

A

Organic Activity

92
Q

Water is nature’s versatile tool that can bring about chemical weathering. There are other chemical compounds in water that become the main agents of chemical weathering. Molecules of some substance in rocks chemically combine with water molecules.

A

Hydration

93
Q

Carbon dioxide may bond with other substances in a process known as carbonation. Rain water is naturally acidic because CO2 gas from the atmosphere chemically reacts with it and produces carbonic acid, a weak acid that reacts slowly with carbonate minerals in rocks.

A

Carbonation

94
Q

is another kind of chemical weathering process. This occurs when oxygen, considered as an active gas, combines with another substances like minerals in rocks, yielding compounds called oxides.

A

Oxidation

95
Q

involves the movement of the weathered rock (now soil, sand or pebbles) from their site of weathering by agents of erosion such as wind, moving water, ice and gravity.

A

Erosion

96
Q

water can carry almost any size of rocks. The greater the volume of water and the steeper the slope, the bigger and more rocks can be transported. Fast flowing rivers also can carry heavier rocks or drag them along the riverbed. In other words, this water that flows rapidly has a very high carrying capacity.

A

Transport by Water

97
Q

Wind continuously blows away loose particles of rocks and soil from place to place. This is common in dry areas such as deserts. Wind transport can result in stunning landscapes as sand is blown away and creates sand dunes.

A

Transport by Wind

98
Q

is defined as a bulk movements of soil, sand, and rock debris downslopes in response to the force of gravity or gradual sinking of the Earth’s ground surface in a vertical direction. It is a type of erosion that is capable of making big changes to a mountain.

A

Mass Movement (Mass Wasting)

99
Q

The abrupt movement and free fall of loosened solid rock

A

Rock Falls

100
Q

imperceptible downslope movement of soil particles and rock debris

A

Creep

101
Q

the multiplicity of downslope movements of bedrock and other debris caused by the separation of a slope section along a plane of least resistance or slip surface.

A

Landslide

102
Q

the separation of a mass moving down a curved slip and collecting at the slope’s foot.

A

Slump

103
Q

the saturation of debris and weathered materials by rainfall in the upper section of a slope or valley causing a slow downslope movement.

A

Earthflow

104
Q

a rapidly moving earth flow containing higher water content

A

Mudslides

105
Q

a fast moving earthflow in a mountainous region.

A

Avalanches

106
Q

sinking mass movement that occurs in a relatively rapid fashion. Subsidence involves the roof collapse or breakdown of a subsurface cavity forming a cave.

A

Subsidence

107
Q

sinking mass wasting in gradual movement.

A

Settlement

GR 12 First Sem Midterms (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions