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FINALS General Anatomy pt. 2 > EARS AND AUDITION > Flashcards

EARS AND AUDITION Flashcards

1
Q

Dual Function of the ear

A

Maintains the balance of the body (vestibular)
Perceives sound (auditory)

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2
Q

3 Divisions of the ear

A

External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

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3
Q

The most superficial portion of the ear, the ______ includes the ______, ______, and the ______

A

external ear, auricle, external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane

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4
Q

Helps gather sound and direct it to the tympanic membrane

A

EXTERNAL EAR

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5
Q

what division of the ear?

Transmits sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear via the ear ossicles: ______, ______, and ______

A

MIDDLE EAR, malleus, incus, stapes

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6
Q

Mainly within the petrous portion of the temporal bone

A

MIDDLE EAR

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7
Q

General shape resembles a biconcave lens

A

MIDDLE EAR

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8
Q

Composed of the tympanic cavity that connects anteriorly with the nasopharynx via the auditory tube and the mastoid air cells posteriorly

A

MIDDLE EAR

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9
Q

what division of the ear?

______ contains the ear ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes), muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius muscles), nerves (chorda tympani, tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve, and lesser petrosal nerve), and tympanic plexus (parasympathetics from the glossopharyngeal nerve plus sympathetics from the superior cervical ganglion via the carotid plexus)

A

MIDDLE EAR, Tympanic cavity

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10
Q

Vestibular and auditory structures, which are filled with fluid, make up the ______:

  • ______ portion (cochlea) is stimulated by the movement of the fluid
  • ______ portion (utricle, saccule, and semicircular canals) is stimulated by fluid
    movement within these chambers
A

inner ear, Auditory, Vestibular

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11
Q

Consists of a membranous labyrinth that lies within an osseous labyrinth

A

INNER EAR

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12
Q

what division of the ear?

The receptors for auditory and vestibular function are located within the ______

A

INNER EAR, membranous labyrinth

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13
Q

what division of the ear?

Fluids located in the ______ (______) and ______ (______) stimulate the auditory and vestibular receptors

A

INNER EAR, membranous labyrinth, endolymph, osseous labyrinth, perilymph

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14
Q

what division of the ear?

The vestibulocochlear nerve enters the internal ear via the ______

A

INNER EAR, internal acoustic meatus

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15
Q

An irregularly shaped structure made of elastic cartilage and skin

A

AURICLE

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16
Q

The ______ has 2 portions: the ______ portion and the ______ portion

______ portion: has a skeleton of elastic cartilage
______ portion: is known as the lobule, and has no cartilage

A

auricle, superior, inferior, Superior, Inferior

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17
Q

AURICLE

______: the outermost curved rim of the auricle, continues anteriorly to blend with the head at the crus helix

A

Helix

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18
Q

AURICLE

______: the portion of cartilage that follows along the helix from the inside

A

Antihelix

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19
Q

AURICLE

______: the depressed area between the helix and the antihelix

A

Scaphoid fossa

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20
Q

AURICLE

______: demarcated by the antihelix, it is the
depressed area that leads to the external
acoustic meatus

A

Concha

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21
Q

AURICLE

______: extends from the face into the concha

A

Tragus

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22
Q

AURICLE

______: extends from the inferior portion of the antihelix into the concha and is separated from the tragus by the intertragic notch

A

Antitragus

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23
Q

The passageway connecting the concha of the auricle to the tympanic membrane

A

EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

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24
Q

Covered by skin rich in sebaceous and cerumen-secreting glands

A

EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

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25
Q

About 2.5 cm in length

A

EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

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26
Q

______ of the external acoustic meatus: cartilaginous, extends into the temporal bone

A

Lateral 1/3

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27
Q

______ of the external acoustic meatus: osseous, formed by the tympanic, squamous, and petrous
portions of the temporal bone

A

Medial 2/3

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28
Q

The most medial portion of the external ear that separates it from the middle ear

A

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

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29
Q

Lies in a groove on the tympanic part of the temporal bone

A

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

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30
Q

A thin, semitransparent, 3-layered membrane

A

TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

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31
Q

The tympanic membrane is A thin, semitransparent, 3-layered membrane:

  • ______ layer: derived from skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelium
  • ______ layer: fibrous, with fibers attaching to the malleus
  • ______ layer: continuous with the mucous membrane of the middle ear cavity; composed of columnar epithelium with cilia
A

External, Middle, Inner

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32
Q

______ folds: lie on the superior portion of the tympanic membrane

A

Anterior and posterior malleolar

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33
Q

______ and ______: tense and loose portions, respectively

A

Pars tensa, pars flaccida

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34
Q
  • Made by the tegmen tympani
  • It separates the middle ear from the temporal lobe of middle cranial fossa
A

ROOF

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35
Q

A thin bone seprates the middle ear from the internal jugular vein

A

FLOOR

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36
Q

______, located in the floor of the middle, allows the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve to enter the middle ear

A

Tympanic canaliculus

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37
Q

WHAT WALL?

  • ______ connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx, equilibrates pressure on either side of the tympanic membrane, and allows proper drainage of the middle ear
  • ______ nerve exits the middle ear
  • ______ nerve fibers from the internal carotid artery enter the middle ear
A

ANTERIOR WALL, Auditory tube, Lesser Petrosal, Postganglionic sympathetic

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38
Q

WHAT WALL?

  • ______ passes superoinferiorly until it terminates at the styomastoid foramen
  • ______ is located in the superior portion of the posterior wall near the junction with the roof of the middle ear
  • ______ is a hollow projection that contains the tendon of the stapedius muscle
  • ______ and ______ are posterior to the posterior wall
A

POSTERIOR WALL, Facial canal, Mastoid antrum, Pyramid, Posterior cranial fossa, sigmoid sinus

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39
Q

WHAT WALL?

  • Separates the middle and inner ear
  • ______ is a large protuberance created by the cochlea of the inner ear
  • In the superior portion of the medial wall is a protuberance formed by the lateral semicircular canal
  • Inferior to the lateral semicircular canal on the opposite side of the medial wall is the horizontal portion of the facial canal
  • ______ is an oval window where the footplate of the stapes is located
  • ______ is a round window which is an opening covered by a membrane
  • Both are located in a superior-inferior relationship on the medial wall posterior to the promontory
  • Tendon of the ______ muscle enters the middle ear
A

MEDIAL WALL, Promontory, Fenestra Vestibuli, Fenestra Cochleae, tensor tympani

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40
Q

WHAT WALL?

  • Separates the middle ear from the external ear by the tympanic membrane, with the malleus attached to the membrane at the umbo
  • ______ is the region superior to the tympanic membrane that houses portions of the malleus and incus
  • ______ nerve lies along the tympanic membrane and malleus until exiting the petrotympanic fissure
A

LATERAL WALL, Epitympanic recess, Chorda tympani

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41
Q

The Inner Ear is Divided in to 2 main parts the ______ Labyrinth and the ______ Labyrinth.

A

Osseous, Membranous

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42
Q

______ contains the bony parts and the ______ contains the membranes of the Inner ear.

A

Osseous, Membranous

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43
Q

Located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone Surrounds the membranous labyrinth and contains perilymph Connects to the middle ear via the fenestra vestibuli and the fenestra cochleae. Divided into 3 parts: vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals

A

The Osseous Labyrinth

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44
Q

Located within the osseous labyrinth; contains endolymph, Divided into 4 parts: cochlear duct, saccule, utricle, and semicircular ducts

A

The Membranous Labyrinth

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45
Q

parts of The Osseous Labyrinth

A

vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals

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46
Q

parts of The Membranous Labyrinth

A

cochlear duct, saccule, utricle, and semicircular ducts

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47
Q

It is The middle portion of the osseous labyrinth, it contains the saccule and utricle of the membranous labyrinth
Contains an opening for the vestibular aqueduct containing the endolymphatic duct.

A

VESTIBULE

48
Q

The posterior portion of the osseous labyrinth 3 ______: anterior, posterior, and lateral
______: a dilated end of each
Anterior and posterior semicircularcanals have a common crus.

A

semicircular canals, Ampulla

49
Q

The ______ of the membranous labyrinth Like a seashell, it spirals around a central point (the modiolus), which carries branches of the cochlear nerve. to it, for 2 and ¾ turns, getting progressively smaller while approaching its apex as the cochlea spirals, the spiral lamina is raised from the modiolus
Within the spiral lamina, the it lies between the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani. Scala vestibuli and scala tympani are continuous at the helicotrema at the apex an opening for the aqueduct of the cochlea allows perilymph to drain into the cerebrospinal fluid.

A

cochlear duct

50
Q

The ______ a small structure located within the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth
Connected to the utricle via the utriculosaccular duct and the endolymphatic duct Sensory receptors (the ______) are located here

A

Saccule, maculae

51
Q

The ______ Located within the vestibule of the osseous labyrinth Sensory receptors (maculae) are located here

A

Utricle

52
Q

These Correspond to the semicircular
canals of the osseous labyrinth (anterior, posterior, and lateral)
Open into the utricle via 5 openings Sensory receptors known as ______ are located in the ampullae

A

SEMICIRCULAR DUCTS, crista

53
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

  1. Nerve fibers from the spiral ganglion of ______ enter the ______ and ______ cochlear nuclei located in the upper part of the medulla.
A

Corti, dorsal, ventral

54
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

  1. At this point, all the fibers synapse, and second-order neurons pass mainly to the opposite side of the brain stem to terminate in the ______ nucleus. A few second-order fibers also pass to the same nucleus on the same side.
A

superior olivary

55
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

  1. From the superior olivary nucleus, the auditory pathway passes upward through the ______.
A

lateral lemniscus

56
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

  1. Some of the fibers terminate in the nucleus of the ______, but many fibers bypass this nucleus and travel on to the ______, where all or almost all the auditory fibers synapse.
A

lateral lemniscus, inferior colliculus

57
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

  1. From there, the pathway passes to the ______ nucleus, where all the fibers do synapse.
A

medial geniculate

58
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

  1. Finally, the pathway proceeds by way of the ______ to the ______, located mainly in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe
A

auditory radiation, auditory cortex

59
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

Several important points should be noted:

  1. Signals from both ears are transmitted through the pathways of both sides of the brain, with a preponderance of transmission in the contralateral pathway. In at least three places in the brain stem, crossing over occurs between the two pathways: (1) in the ______ body, (2) in the commissure between the two nuclei of the ______, and (3) in the commissure connecting the two ______.
A

trapezoid, lateral lemnisci, inferior colliculi

60
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

Several important points should be noted:

  1. Many collateral fibers from the auditory tracts pass directly into the ______ activating system of the brain stem. This system projects diffusely upward in the brain stem and downward into the spinal cord and activates the entire nervous system in response to loud sounds. Other collaterals go to the ______, which is also activated instantaneously in the event of a sudden noise.
A

reticular, vermis of the cerebellum

61
Q

AUDITORY NERVOUS PATHWAYS

Several important points should be noted:

  1. A high degree of spatial orientation is maintained in the fiber tracts from the cochlea all the way to the cortex. In fact, there are ______ spatial patterns for termination of the different sound frequencies in the cochlear nuclei, ______ patterns in the inferior colliculi, ______ precise pattern for discrete sound frequencies in the auditory cortex, and at least ______ other less precise patterns in the auditory cortex and auditory association areas.
    The projection area of auditory signals to the cerebral cortex is shown in the figure, which demonstrates that the auditory cortex lies principally on the supratemporal plane of the ______ gyrus but also extends onto the ______ of the temporal lobe, over much of the insular cortex, and even onto the lateral portion of the ______.
A

three, two, one, five, superior temporal, lateral side, parietal operculum

62
Q

______ is directly excited by projections from the medial geniculate body.

A

Primary auditory cortex

63
Q

______ are excited secondarily by impulses from the primary auditory cortex, as well as by some projections from thalamic association areas adjacent to the medial geniculate body.

A

Auditory association areas

64
Q

Origin of TENSOR TYMPANI

A

Origin: Bony canal at auditory tube
Cartilaginous part of auditory tube
Greater wing of the sphenoid

65
Q

Insertion of TENSOR TYMPANI

A

Insertion: Handle of the malleus

66
Q

Actions of TENSOR TYMPANI

A

Actions: Tenses the tympanic membrane and helps dampen sound vibrations

67
Q

Nerve supply of TENSOR TYMPANI

A

Nerve Supply: Mandibular division of the trigeminal n.

68
Q

Origin of STAPEDIUS

A

Origin: Pyramid on posterior wall of the tympanic cavity

69
Q

Insertion of STAPEDIUS

A

Insertion: Neck of the stapes

70
Q

actions of STAPEDIUS

A

Actions: Dampens excessive sound vibrations

71
Q

Nerve supply of STAPEDIUS

A

Nerve Supply: Stapedius branch of the facial n.

72
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • Cervical plexus, formed by contributions of C2 and C3 ventral rami
  • After passing posteriorly at the sternocleidomastoid m. it travels along the muslce and divides into anterior and posterior branches
  • The posterior branch innervates the skin over the mastoid process, the posterior portion of the auricle, and the concha and lobule
A

GREAT AURICULAR NERVE

73
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • Cervical plexus, formed by contributions from C2 ventral ramus
  • After passing posterior to the sternocleidomastoid m. at Erb’s point, it ascends posterior to the sternocleidomastoid along the posterior portion of the head
  • Continues on the head posterior to the auricle
  • Supplies the skin posterior to the auricle
A

LESSER OCCIPITAL NERVE

74
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • Posterior part of the mandibular division of the trigeminal n.
  • Normally arises by 2 roots, between which the middle meningeal a. passes
  • Runs posteriorly just inferior to the lateral pterygoid m. and continues to the medial aspect of the neck of the mandible
  • Turns superiorly with the superficial temporal vessels between the auricle and condyle of the mandible deep to the parotid gland
  • On exiting the parotid gland, ascends over the zygomatic arch
  • Innervates the skin in the region of the tragus, crus helix, anterior portion of the external acoustic meatus, and outer surface of the tympanic membrane
A

AURICULOTEMPORAL NERVE

75
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • Superior ganglion of the vagus n.
  • Travels posterior to the internal jugular v. and passes along the temporal bone
  • Crosses the facial canal superior to the stylomastoid foramen
  • Enters the mastoid canaliculus between the mastoid process and the tympanic part of the temporal bone and gives rise to 2 branches:
    The 1st branch joins the posterior auricular
    branch of the facial n.
    The 2nd branch innervates the skin of the
    back of the auricle and the posterior portion
    of the external acoustic meatus
A

AURICULAR BRANCH OF THE VAGUS NERVE

76
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • Branches from the inferior ganglion of the vagus n., located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone
  • Passes superiorly through the tympanic canaliculus to enter the middle ear
  • In the middle ear, it divides into branches that form part of the tympanic plexus
  • Tympanic plexus gives rise to:
    Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland
    Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the parotid gland
    Sensory fibers to the middle ear cavity, including the tympanic membrane and auditory tube (mainly from the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal n.)
A

TYMPANIC BRANCH OF GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE

77
Q

It is Formed by the:
- Tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal n. (arises from the inferior ganglion located in the petrous portion of the temporal bone)
- Caroticotympanic nn. (arise from the carotid plexus
- Tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal n. passes superiorly through the tympanic canaliculus to enter the middle ear
- In the middle ear, it divides into branches that form the tympanic plexus
- Caroticotympanic nn. join the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal n.
- Tympanic plexus gives rise to:
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers to the parotid gland
Sensory fibers to the middle ear cavity, including the tympanic membrane and auditory tube (mainly from the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal)

A

TYMPANIC PLEXUS

78
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • has multiple motor and sensory functions
  • Created by:
    Nervus intermedius, which contains the sensory fibers and the parasympathetic fibers
    Motor portion that innervates the muscles derived from the 2nd pharyngeal archauditory tube (mainly from the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal)
  • Nervus intermedius and motor portions—enter the internal acoustic meatus of the temporal bone then passes through the facial canal until it exits the stylomastoid foramen, initially traveling horizontally along the outside of the medial wall of the middle ear; then it bends posteriorly and inferiorly to the middle ear where the nerve changes direction is in the geniculate ganglion; here the greater petrosal n. is given off to travel anteriorly toward the pterygopalatine fossa
A

FACIAL NERVE

79
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • Within the facial canal, this nerve gives rise to the nerve to the stapedius m. and the chorda tympani n.
    Chorda tympani passes anteriorly along the tympanic membrane and the malleus until it exits via the petrotympanic fissure
  • Chorda tympani carries preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular ganglion of the oral cavity, and taste fibers to the anterior 2/ 3 of the tongue
  • Stapedius n. innervates the stapedius m.
A

FACIAL NERVE

80
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • it emerges between the pons and the medulla oblongata
  • Enters the internal acoustic meatus with the facial n. Within the internal acoustic meatus, it divides into vestibular branches and the cochlear branch
A

VESTIBULOCHOCHLEAR NERVE

81
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • The cochlear portion has nerve cell bodies in the spiral ganglion
  • Utilizes the spiral ganglion within the modiolus to pass to the organ of Corti
A

COCHLEAR NERVE

82
Q

WHAT NERVE?

  • The vestibular portion has nerve cell bodies in the vestibular ganglion (Scarpa’s ganglion)
  • Divides into superior and inferior branches:
    Superior vestibular branch innervates the maculae of the saccule and utricle and the ampulla of the anterior and lateral semicircular ducts
    Inferior vestibular branch innervates the macula of the saccule and the ampulla of the posterior semicircular duct
A

VESTIBULAR NERVE

83
Q

4 Arterial Supply of the External Ear

A

Superficial temporal, Posterior Auricular, Deep Auricular, Anterior tympanic

84
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: A terminal branch of the external carotid a. that arises within the parotid gland
Course:
- Within the parotid gland, it gives off a transverse facial a.
- Emerges from the superior part of the parotid gland immediately posterior to the temporomandibular joint and anterior to the external auditory meatus
- Passes superficial to the root of the zygomatic arch just anterior to the auriculotemporal n. and the auricle.
- While passing superiorly, it gives off branches
external acoustic meatus that supply the auricle and the external acoustic meatus

A

Superficial temporal

85
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: External carotid a. within the parotid gland
Course:
- Passes superiorly between the mastoid process and cartilage of the ear
- During its path to anastomose with the superficial temporal and the occipital aa., it supplies the auricle and external acoustic meatus
- A stylomastoid branch arises from the posterior auricular and enters the stylomastoid foramen to supply the internal surface of the tympanic membrane

A

Posterior Auricular

86
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: A branch of the maxillary a. and arises in the same area as the anterior tympanic a.
Course:
- Lies in the parotid gland, posterior to the temporomandibular joint, where it supplies that joint
- Passes into the external acoustic meatus to supply it; then supplies the outer surface of the tympanic membrane

A

Deep Auricular

87
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: A branch of the maxillary a.
Course:
- Given off in the same area as for the deep auricular a.
- Passes superiorly immediately posterior to the temporomandibular joint
- Enters the tympanic cavity through the petrotympanic fissure
- Aids in supplying the inner surface of the tympanic membrane

A

Anterior tympanic

88
Q

5 Arterial Supply of the Middle Ear

A

Posterior auricular, Anterior tympanic, Inferior tympanic, Superior tympanic, Caroticotympanic branch of the internal carotid

89
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: External carotid a. within the parotid gland
Course:
- Passes superiorly between the mastoid process cartilage of the ear
- During its path to anastomose with the superficial temporal and the occipital aa., it supplies the auricle and external acoustic meatus
- A stylomastoid branch arises from the posterior auricular a. and enters the stylomastoid foramen to supply the internal surface of the tympanic membrane

A

Posterior auricular

90
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: Maxillary a.
Course:
- Given off in the same area as for the deep auricular a.
- Passes superiorly immediately posterior to the temporomandibular joint
- Enters the tympanic cavity through the petrotympanic fissure
- Aids in supplying the outer surface of the tympanic membrane and the anterior portion of the tympanic cavity

A

Anterior tympanic

91
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: Ascending pharyngeal a. of the external carotid a.
Course:
- Ascends deep to the other branches of the external carotid a. and more superiorly to the stylopharyngeus m.
- Passes into the middle ear through the petrous portion of the temporal bone Helps supply the medial wall of the tympanic cavity

A

Inferior tympanic

92
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: Middle meningeal a. of the maxillary a.
Course:
- Arises from the middle meningeal a. immediately after passing through the foramen spinosum within the middle cranial fossa
- Passes in the canal of the tensor tympani m. to help supply the tensor tympani and its bony canal

A

Superior tympanic

93
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: Internal carotid a.
Course:
- Passes into the tympanic cavity through an aperture in the carotid canal
- Helps supply the middle ear

A

Caroticotympanic branch of the internal carotid

94
Q

2 Arterial Supply of the Inner Ear

A

Labyrinthine, Posterior auricular

95
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: Basilar a., which gives rise to the circle of Willis
Course:
- Passes through the internal acoustic meatus, where it further divides into cochlear and vestibular branches that supply the cochlear and vestibular structures

A

Labyrinthine

96
Q

WHAT ARTERY?

Source: External carotid a. within the parotid gland
Course:
- Stylomastoid branch supplies the internal surface of the tympanic membrane and the posterior portion of the tympanic cavity; then helps supply the inner ear
- Passes superiorly between the mastoid process and cartilage of the ear
- Anastomoses with the superficial temporal and the occipital aa.
- A stylomastoid branch arises from this a., enters the stylomastoid foramen, and continues to the inner ear
- During its path to anastomose with the superficial temporal and the occipital aa., it supplies the auricle and external acoustic meatus

A

Posterior auricular

97
Q

5 Venous Drainage of the External Ear

A

Superficial temporal, Posterior auricular, Maxillary, Pterygoid plexus, Transverse sinus

98
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • Descends posterior to the zygomatic root of the temporal bone alongside the auriculotemporal n. to enter the substance of the parotid gland
  • Unites with the maxillary v. to form the retromandibular v.
  • Along its path, it receives tributaries from the auricle
A

Superficial temporal

99
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • Arises from a plexus of veins created by the occipital and superficial temporal.
  • Descends posterior to the auricle to unite with the posterior division of the retromandibular to form the external jugular.
  • Along its path, receives blood from the stylomastoid branch of the posterior auricular which drains the auricle, external acoustic meatus, and tympanic membrane
A

Posterior auricular

100
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • A short vein, sometimes paired, formed by the convergence of the tributaries of the pterygoid plexus
  • Enters the substance of the parotid gland, traveling posteriorly between the sphenomandibular and the neck of the mandible
    Unites with the superficial temporal to form the
    retro mandibular.
  • Helps drain blood from the external acoustic meatus and tympanic membrane
A

Maxillary

101
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • An extensive network of veins that parallels the 2nd and 3rd parts of the maxillary.
  • Receives branches that correspond to the same branches of the maxillary.
  • Tributaries eventually converge to form a short maxillary.
  • Communicates with the cavernous sinus, pharyngeal venous plexus, and facial vein via the deep facial and ophthalmic.
  • Helps drain the external acoustic meatus
A

Pterygoid plexus

102
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • 1 of the deep venous sinuses that helps drain the brain Aids in receiving blood from the tympanic membrane
A

Transverse sinus

103
Q

2 Venous Drainage of the Middle Ear

A

Pterygoid plexus, Superior Petrosal Sinus

104
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • An extensive network of veins that parallels the 2nd and 3rd parts of the maxillary.
  • Receives branches that correspond to the same branches of the maxillary.
  • Tributaries eventually converge to form a short maxillary.
  • Communicates with the cavernous sinus, pharyngeal venous plexus, and facial vein via the deep facial and ophthalmic.
  • Helps drain the tympanic cavity
A

Pterygoid plexus

105
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • 1 of the deep venous sinuses that helps drain the brain, running along the superior margin of the petrous portion of the temporal bone
  • Aids in receiving blood from the tympanic cavity
A

Superior Petrosal Sinus

106
Q

1 Venous Drainage of the Inner Ear

A

Labyrinthine

107
Q

WHAT VEIN?

  • Begins in the cochlear and vestibular structures and passes medially through the internal acoustic meatus alongside the labyrinthine.
  • Drains into the superior petrosal sinus
A

Labyrinthine

108
Q

______ - infection or inflammation of the auricle and external auditory canal located in the external ear, causing ear pain (______)
• Also called “swimmer’s ear”
• 2 major bacteria are involved:
______ and ______

A

Acute otitis externa, otalgia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

109
Q

PATHOGENESIS of Acute otitis externa

  • Excess water from swimming removes some of the ______ wax that lines the external auditory canal
    • Because the wax helps maintain healthy canal, loss of the wax predisposes the canal to bacterial infection
A

ceruminous

110
Q

______ - an inflammation of the middle ear cavity
• More common in children
• 2 major bacteria are involved: ______ and ______

A

Acute otitis media, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

111
Q

PATHOGENESIS of Acute otitis media

• Often results from ______ dysfunction
• Because the auditory tube allows drainage from the tympanic cavity into the nasopharynx, any blockage leads to a buildup of fluid in the tympanic cavity
• When the fluid sits in the tympanic cavity, it predisposes the region to a bacterial infection
• The resulting inflammation leads to ear pain (otalgia) and often diminished hearing

A

auditory tube

112
Q

______ - a bacterial infection of the mastoid air cells
• More common in children than in adults

A

Mastoiditis

113
Q

PATHOGENESIS of Mastoiditis

• Although less common since the advent of antibiotics, formerly it often occurred as a complication of acute otitis media, when infection spread from the middle ear cavity to the mastoid air cells
• Once within the mastoid air cells, the infection can lead to inflammation and destruction of the ______ bone
• Because of the infections location , it may lead to partial (or total) hearing loss, damage to the mastoid bone, or formation of an epidural abscess, or it may spread to involve the brain

A

mastoid

114
Q

TREATMENT of Mastoiditis

• Can be difficult because medications cannot readily reach the mastoid air cells
• In some cases, a ______ may be performed to drain the mastoid if antibiotic therapy is not successful
• A ______ (creating an opening in the middle ear cavity through the tympanic membrane) is performed to drain the ear in acute otitis media

A

mastoidectomy, myringotomy

115
Q

______ - Prevalent among individuals who surf or swim in cold water, results from the development of a “bony lump” in the external acoustic meatus.
• Growth of the lump eventually constricts the meatus and reduces hearing in the affected ear.

A

Surfer’s ear

FINALS General Anatomy pt. 2 (4 decks)

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