Ears

Question 1

finger rub/whisper test

Answer 1

finger rubs behind ears, whisper 2-syllable word

Question 2

weber test

Answer 2

fork on midline of head (bone conduction) if louder in one ear “lateralizes” that way

Question 3

rinne test

Answer 3

fork on mastoid process then to ear once can’t hear (AC:BC - 2:1)

Question 4

normal hearing

Answer 4

weber: lateralized midlinerinne: AC > BC (2:1)

Question 5

conductive hearing loss

Answer 5

blockage in external ear, fluid in middle ear- weber: bad ear will hear better - lateralize toward that ear (no influence of AC)- rinne: AC = BC or AC

Question 6

sensorineural loss

Answer 6

inner ear/nerve damage- weber: opposite lateralization will be bad (can’t hear in that ear)- rinne: AC:BC will be equal, but smaller ratio (

Question 7

palpate external ear

Answer 7

• tragus: if painful - otitis externa- mastoid process: if painful - otitis media or mastoiditis (many lymph nodes in mastoid area)

Question 8

cerumen

Answer 8

wax - golden; will darken as it ages (elderly will have more due to less cilia in ear)

Question 9

exotosis

Answer 9

discreet, hard, oval outcropping/narrowing- formation of new bone; seen in swimmers/surfers- develops over years can become painful, infections, and lead to hearing loss

Question 10

otitis externa

Answer 10

outer ear infection- scaling/crustin, inflammation and discharge in canal, swollen canal- pain on tragus

Question 11

serous otitis media

Answer 11

fluid in middle ear (not infected)- decongestant not abx- TM retracted and decreased mobility, yellowish appearance due to serous fluid- bubble is eustachian tube blocked

Question 12

bacterial otitis media

Answer 12

infected middle ear- puss, red, inflamed- TM can protrude out

Question 13

perforated TM

Answer 13

can be from loud sound or infection- when healed it will be whiter

Question 14

scarred TM

Answer 14

decrease healing due to less vibrations

Question 15

tympanostomy tubes

Answer 15

last resort - usually due to chronic ear infections

Question 16

ala nasi

Answer 16

lateral outside wings of nose

Question 17

kiesselbach region

Answer 17

anteroinferior part of nasal septum; vascular - most common site for nose bleeds

Question 18

fx of nasal mucosa

Answer 18

rich blood supply to warm inhaled air; mucous blanket to trap dust and bacteria

Question 19

turbinates

Answer 19

superior, middle, inferior - on lateral wall (can only view mid/inf)- fx to increase SA for blood vessels/mucous membranes to war, humidify, and filter air

Question 20

olfactory receptors

Answer 20

hair cells - merge into olfactory nerve (CN1) - transmits to temporal lobe of brain(CN1 can be damaged by allergies)

Question 21

paranasal sinuses

Answer 21

air-filled pockets in cranium to give skull lightness; will fill with fluid during infections- provide mucous to drain into nasal cavity

Question 22

4 sets of nasal sinuses

Answer 22

accessible: frontal, maxillaryunaccessible: ethmoid, sphenoid

Question 23

frontal sinus

Answer 23

• absent at birth- developed btw 7-8; full size by puberty(accessible)

Question 24

maxillary sinus

Answer 24

• present at birth- full size by the time all permanent teeth are in(accessible)

Question 25

ethmoid sinus

Answer 25

• present at birth- grow rapidly 6-8yrs and post puberty(unaccessible)

Question 26

sphenoid sinus

Answer 26

• minute at birth- develop after puberty(unaccessible)