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Topics and Issues in Developmental Psychology > Early social Skills and Language Development > Flashcards

Early social Skills and Language Development Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meant by primary intersubjectivity?

A

This occurs in the first months of childhood.
- A child’s tendency to behvaiours such as focus on faces, producing vocalisations, eye contact, imitation

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2
Q

What is meant by secondary intersubjectivity?

A

This occurs in older infants these are behaviours such as having shared attention, turn-taking and pointing.

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3
Q

In early primary inter-subjective interactions/activity is usually what?

A

Dyadic

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4
Q

What does dyadic interaction mean?

A

It is between two things, e.g Baby and mother or Baby and object

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5
Q

Often dyadic interactions are not…

A

Inetntional.

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6
Q

In the intersubjective phase a child cannot understand what?

A

The perspective of others.

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7
Q

In secondary inter-subjective interactions the interactions become what?

A

Triadic

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8
Q

What is meant by a triadic interaction?

A

This is when an interaction between caregiver and baby are shared and they can shared with other objects, e.g Mother, Baby and toy.
These interactions become intentional.

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9
Q

In secondary inter-subjective interactions the baby can understand others having what?

A

Their own perspective

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10
Q

Since children in the primary intersubjective stage they cannot have what?

A

Successful conversation with others since they cannot assume others perspective.

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11
Q

Meltzoff and Moore (1977) andKuhl and Meltzoff (1996) both investigated how babies will do what?

A

dyadic mimicry

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12
Q

What is dyadic mimicry?

A

This is when a baby reproduces that facial expression of an adult at around 3-4 months.

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13
Q

Dyadic imitations does not mean that children share what? But it does show what?

A

Understanding of others intentions
However it does show how babies are motivated to engage with others.

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14
Q

Goren at l. 1975 found that children will show preference for what?

A

faces and things that are face like

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15
Q

Who investigated how children have preference for direct gaze?

A

Farroni et al 2002

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16
Q

Mutual eye gaze is a form of what?

A

communicative signal
These signals help a child to attend to an object of interest.

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17
Q

Senju and Csibra (2008) found that infants will only follow and adults gaze to an object or things if it is first preceded by what?

A

Mutual gaze/ eye contact

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18
Q

Tomasello (2003) suggested that at age 9 months a child will have a revolution of what?

A

Social understanding

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19
Q

This social revolution suggested by Tomasello suggested that children will begin to do what?

A
  1. Interact with/over another object or third person. ( interactions become triadic)
  2. Coordinate visual attention
  3. Social reference (coordinate their emotional response with others)
  4. Use pointing to direct attention
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20
Q

What is meant by social referencing?

A

This is when a child is able to begin co-ordinating their emotional response with another person.

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21
Q

What two studies investigated how children begin to coordinate their emotional response via social referencing?

A

Still Face Experiment (adamson and frick 2003)
Visual Cliff Example ( Sorce et al. 1985)

22
Q

How does the visual cliff experiment exemplify how children use social referencing?

A

investigates the role of non-verbal communication between mother and child in non-certain contexts.
- Whether the baby can read the emotional responses of others and understand their perspective.

23
Q

Secondary Intersubjectivity signifies the beginning of intentional communication when a baby begins to exhibit what actions?

A

Use of eye contact
Pointing to direct attention
Consistent vocalisation
evidence of child waiting for response
persistence if not understood

24
Q

What are the two main modes of attention?

A

Turn Taking
Shared Attention

25
Q

What is a proto-conversation? Who coined this term?

A

Bruner (1975)
These are the similarities between turn taking in early speech and later more adult conversations.

26
Q

At what age will a child begin to alternate vocalisations with their mothers?

A

Around 3 months

27
Q

There are very few overlaps or interruptions between speakers by what age? and According to who’s research?

A

By 12 months
Schaffer at al. 1977

28
Q

However at what age has a child completely solidfied/understood turn taking ?

A

age 3 years

29
Q

What is meant by shared attention?

A

This is when a baby is aware of and can have a triadic interaction with another person and another object. e.g mum and Baby looking at a book

30
Q

Joint attention involves what three components?

A

Sharing, following and directing attention.

31
Q

The visual cliff experiment (Sorce et al. 1985) is an example of Social referencing as the baby holds what with the mother?

A

Shared attention. By age 9 months they will look to their mother in uncertain situations for a response.

32
Q

By what age will a child usually be able to interact with an adult and another object?

A

9 months according to Carpenter et al. 1997

33
Q

According to Tomasello and Farrar (1986) a child’s joint attention skills can predict what?

A

Their later language skills

34
Q

How does share attention help a child develop language learning?

A

Repetitive Routines will create a shared context. It creates a routine where the child knows what is coming next.
- It creates a scaffold for langauge learning.
- For example breakfast time

35
Q

How to children begin using joint attention?

A
  1. Following Attention
    - following points
    - following gaze
  2. Direction Attention
    - imperative pointing
    - declarative pointing
36
Q

Scaife and Bruner (1975) study found that by age 9 months infants are able to follow an adults gaze and do what?

A

Share that object of attention

37
Q

Who conducted research into Gaze following in shared attention?

A

Corkum and Moore (1995)
Moore and Corkum (1998)
Brooks and Meltzoff (2002)

38
Q

What did both of Corkum and Moores (1995,1998) gaze tracking experiments agree upon?

A

Children are not actually able to gaze track until around 18 months

39
Q

What were the findings of Brooks and Meltzoff (2002) in regards to gaze tracking?

A

12 months will follow an adult if they turn their head, even when the adult is blinded.
However will not follow their gaze if their eyes are closed.
At 14 months they will only follow. head turn of an adult if they can see their eyes.

40
Q

Who conducted research finding that infants will gaze follow behind barriers?

A

Moll and Tomasello (2004)

41
Q

Why is there some confusion regarding gaze following in infants?

A

Because we are unsure of the infants motives for gaze following.
- We don’t know if the child understands that looker may see something of interest.

42
Q

What is meant by communicative intention?

A

This is an act that an adult or baby ill exhibit to intentionally communicate something e.g pointing

43
Q

Behene at al. 2005 investigated what?

A

whether 14-24 month years olds will follow a helpers point.

44
Q

what is meant by imperative pointing?

A

pointing that is aiming to get an adult to do something

45
Q

declarative pointing is when a baby points in order to…

A

direct an adults attention to something.

46
Q

By 18 months a child will do what before pointing to an object?

A

Check their caregivers line of regard.

47
Q

According to Moore and D’Entremont 2010, An infant will learn Declarative pointing will do what?

A

Get more attention by pointing at things.

48
Q

According to Camaioni , 1993 imperative pointing an infant will learn what?

A

If she points she will get what she wants.

49
Q

What did Kuhl, Tsao and Liu’s 2003 study investigate?

A

Investigated phonetic perception in different languages and what conditions will prevent it’s decline.
- wanted to test whether they could discriminate between two sounds within mandarin
- USA children were exposed to mandarin either via personal exposure (e.g a native speaker spoke to them)
- or via an audio recording

50
Q

What were the results of Kuhl Tsao and Lius 2003 study?

A

found that only with inter-personal conditions e.g audio and visual speaking.
- they could discriminate between two mandarin sounds

51
Q

what are the possible lower levels of explanation that may clash with the evidence for infants understanding others intentions?

A

Possibly the child is just following/ mimicking the movements of others.
- enjoys the attention

Topics and Issues in Developmental Psychology (3 decks)

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