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American West - GCSE > Early Settlement - 1835-62 > Flashcards

Early Settlement - 1835-62 Flashcards

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1
Q

How many states existed in 1835

A

13

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2
Q

What is it like in the plateaux region

A

Mainly desert, water can be trapped here, this lead to the forming of the Great Salt Lake

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3
Q

What is it like to live on the plains

A

Huge, Flat areas of grass

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4
Q

What is it like in the rocky mountains and the Appalachian mountains

A

Areas created with little rain, droughts but heavy snowy winters

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5
Q

How many horses did the Sioux own

A

3.5k

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6
Q

What were the goods of horses to Indians

A

travel the plains, hunt buffalo on them, battles

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7
Q

What were the plains Indians opinion on land

A

not bought or owned or sold by anyone

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8
Q

How was respect gained in the plains Indians culture

A

fighting other tribes

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9
Q

What was heavily ingrained in Indian culture

A

warfare

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10
Q

Who would farm in indian culture

A

Women

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11
Q

Who would collect food in indian culture

A

women

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12
Q

Who would hunt buffalo and who would make them into food

A

Men hunt, Women make into food

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13
Q

What were buffalo bones used for

A

tools and weaponary

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14
Q

what were buffalo sinews used for

A

making ropes and bow strings

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15
Q

What were buffalo skins used for

A

Wool, clothing, shoes, harnesses and tipis

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16
Q

what was the buffalo bladder used for

A

food bags

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17
Q

Why were Indians nomadic on the plains

A

So they could follow the buffalo herds

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18
Q

What did Indians see the buffalo as from god

A

a great gift

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19
Q

What did Indians do with the buffalo heart

A

Cut out and left to create new life, sometimes eaten to give power of the buffalo

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20
Q

What was a tipi

A

a house hat could be dismantled and taken somewhere else

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21
Q

Who was a tipi ideal for

A

nomadic indians

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22
Q

Who owned the tipis and made/dismanteled them

A

women

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23
Q

How many tipis were there per family

A

1

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24
Q

How long did a tipi take to dimantle

A

10 minutes

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25
Q

What did the Sioux do on their tipis to show bravery

A

they made geometric patterns on them

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26
Q

What material was used onto tipis to make them warmer in the winter

A

earth

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27
Q

Why were there 2 ears on the top of the tipis

A

to allow fire from cooking to exit the home

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28
Q

How many buffalo skins were used to make a tipi

A

10-20

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29
Q

finish the sentence: A frame of _______ poles arranged in a ______ made tipi

A

wooden, circle

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30
Q

What was another name for the Great Spirit

A

Wakan Tanka

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31
Q

Where were spirits found

A

in all living things

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32
Q

What shape was very important to the indians

A

circle

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33
Q

Why was high land important to the indians

A

they were closer to the spirit world

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34
Q

What land was very sacred to the Sioux and why was it important to them

A

The black hills of Dakota, because they believe that was where they originated

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35
Q

Why were tipis round

A

important shape to Indians being the circle

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36
Q

How did Indians contact the spirit world

A

through vision

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37
Q

How did indian boys gain their adult names

A

They went to a sweat lodge, a tipi where air was heated, pray and fast for a days. They then contacted the spirit world and the name they saw was their name

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38
Q

Why were dances important to the indians

A

they believed it was a way of reaching the spirit world

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39
Q

What was another name for a medicine man to Indians

A

Shaman

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40
Q

What were Indians attitudes to land

A

They were part of land, land could not be owned by one person

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41
Q

What was the Sun Dance

A

Most important ceremony of the year, Fasted for 8 days and then danced, skewers attached to skin until ripped off, contacting spirits through vision

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42
Q

Who competed the sun dance

A

men

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43
Q

Why would Indians go to war

A

Hatred of enemies, Steal resources (horses), Give people bravery an increase status

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44
Q

How big were attacks

A

small scalled (rarely large scalled)

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45
Q

What time of year were attacks

A

Summer

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46
Q

What was the warrior brotherhood

A

A group in the tribe who trained youths to become warriors in tribal army

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47
Q

What was most important to Indians in war:

Running back when nearly defeated
or
Trying to kill everyone but die

A

Running back to safety

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48
Q

What was scalping

A

Removing the scalp of your worst enemy to prevent their spirit reaching the happy hunting grounds

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49
Q

What was heaven called to indians

A

Happy Hunting Grounds

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50
Q

what were scalps used for

A

decoration

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51
Q

What was the most common weapon to Indians

A

Bow and arrows

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52
Q

What wepons were made from buffalo hide

A

Spears, War clubs, knives, shields

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53
Q

What was a tomahawk

A

a light weight axe

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54
Q

Why was it hard to use a musket in wars

A

difficult on horsebacks

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55
Q

What was buffalo dung used for

A

Smoking

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56
Q

What was buffalo tough used for

A

a hairbrush

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57
Q

When was the economic deppression

A

1837

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58
Q

Why did people want to leave the east (Push Factors)

A

Overcrowding, Crops dying, Food dying, Cost of living increasing, Lack of jobs

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59
Q

Why did people want to travel to the west (Pull Factors)

A

Fruit Everywhere, Oregon good for farming, Rumours of paradise, Gold

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60
Q

Who is Joseph Smith

A

Founder of the Mormons

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61
Q

What did he claim happened to Joseph Smith at night

A

god/angels met him

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62
Q

Which angel met Joseph Smith one night

A

Angel of Moroni

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63
Q

Where did the Mormons first set up

A

Kirtland, Ohio

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64
Q

What years were the Mormons in Kirtland, Ohio

A

1831-1837

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65
Q

Mormons bought land in Kirtland, Ohio, but what did they build on that land

A

Homes, a Store, a temple, a mill, a printing press and a bank

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66
Q

The Mormons were very _____

A

prosperous

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67
Q

What happened to the Mormon Bank in 1837

A

due to Economic depression in 1837, bank failed

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68
Q

Why did the Mormon bank fail in 1837

A

Economic depression 1837

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69
Q

Why did people want the Mormons to leave Kirtland, Ohio

A

Became jealous of their success, outnumbering them, savings lost from failed bank

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70
Q

What happened to the Mormons in 1837

A

they were kicked out of Kirtland, Ohio

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71
Q

Where did the Mormons travel to in 1837 after Kirtland, Ohio

A

Missouri

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72
Q

How long were the Mormons in missouri

A

1 year, 1837-1838

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73
Q

What did the Mormons buy a lot of in missouri

A

land

74
Q

what did Mormons build on their land in Missouri

A

homes and a community in Caldwell county

75
Q

Mormons built a community in Missouri, but where was the community built

A

Caldwell County

76
Q

A secret police force was set up by the Mormons in Missouri, but what were they called

A

The Danites

77
Q

in Missouri, the Mormons became very _______

A

prosperous

78
Q

Who were the Danites

A

a secret police force set up by Mormons in missouri

79
Q

Who were the Mormons friendly with that no other whites were

A

plains Indians

80
Q

what were the Mormons against that every one else supported

A

Slavery

81
Q

Who was friendly with the plains indians

A

mormons

82
Q

who was against slavery

A

mormons

83
Q

Why did people want the Mormons out of Missouri

A

they were for slavery and like Indians, scared of being attacked by danites

84
Q

What did the people do to the Mormons

A

burned their homes down, attacked them in homes

85
Q

The state governor came to restore order in Missouri, but what did he do to restore it

A

prisoned Joseph Smith

86
Q

What happened to the Mormons in 1838

A

kicked out by Missouri people

87
Q

Where did the Mormons go after Missouri

A

Nauvoo, Illnois

88
Q

How long were the Mormons in Nauvoo, Illnois for

A

8 years, 1838-1846

89
Q

What was Nauvoo initially called when Mormons moved there

A

Commerce

90
Q

Commerce was a _____ town

A

decaying

91
Q

The Mormons turned Nauvoo into a ______ community

A

prosperous

92
Q

What did the Mormons begin to practise in nauvoo

A

polygamy

93
Q

what is polygamy

A

the act of having more than 1 wife

94
Q

what did the Mormons blame Joseph Smith for being

A

a dictator

95
Q

Who was elected as the new mormon leader after what happened to Joseph Smith

A

Brigham Young after Joseph Smith was shot

96
Q

Why did the people want the Mormons out of Nauvoo

A

afraid of being outnumbered

97
Q

When was Joseph Smith shot by who

A

1845 by mobs

98
Q

What did people of Nauvoo do to Mormons to drive them out of their town

A

got mobs to start killing Mormons including Joseph Smith

99
Q

Who told the Mormons to leave Illinois

A

the state governor

100
Q

Where the Mormons decide to emigrate to

A

Salt Lake City

101
Q

What terrain area did Brigham Young decide to take the mormons to and why

A

They decided to go to the deserted areas near the central Rockies because it was isolated and they wouldn’t be judged

102
Q

How many Mormons were there in 1846

A

15,000

103
Q

When the Mormons settled in Salt Lake, what was banned

A

private ownership - prevents capitalism and unfairness on other people

104
Q

With bigger families, what were they given to help mormons

A

large area farms to provide food for the mormons

105
Q

in 1848, what happened in the USA - Mexico war

A

USA won Salt Lake of Mexico

106
Q

who owned Salt lake and why did they go to salt lake

A

Mexico - no US could judge them and they were free from persecution, nobody else wanted it

107
Q

Brigham Young applied for Salt Lake to become a state called what

A

desert

108
Q

Did the government accept or decline the request for Salt Lake to become a state

A

declined

109
Q

What did the government create that included the Salt Lake area

A

Utah Territory

110
Q

Who was the first governor of the Utah Territory

A

Brigham Young

111
Q

Brigham Young created pioneer bands, what are they and what did they do

A

a good mix of Mormons who found new towns all over the territory

112
Q

What was set up by Brigham Young to fund the travelling Mormons to Utah

A

Perpetual Emigrating Fund

113
Q

How many new converts had reached Utah in 1855

A

over 4,000

114
Q

Where was the gold rush of 1849

A

California

115
Q

Who discovered gold in California and when

A

James Marshall, 1848

116
Q

How many people lived in California in 1848

A

15,000

117
Q

How many people lived in California in 1852

A

250,000

118
Q

How did people travel to California during the gold rush

A

on boats and horsebacks

119
Q

what were the California miners called

A

49ers

120
Q

what process was used to find gold

A

panning

121
Q

what happened to most 49ers after the gold rush of 1849

A

went home empty handed

122
Q

What were the negatives of the 1849 Gold Rush

A

Disease - Cholera and Dysentery, Miners getting drunk and died, lawlessness so common violence, Claim Jumping

123
Q

What was claim jumping

A

stealing another miners ‘claim’

124
Q

What were the positives of California Gold Rush

A

Miners had places to live, Saloon owners earned tons of money from miners

125
Q

How many people died travelling on westward trails between 1840-1860

A

34,000

126
Q

When was the Oregon trail set up

A

1836

127
Q

What were the negatives of the westward trails

A

no protection of Indian tribes, lack of supplies when summer came

128
Q

Who were the Donner party

A

41 children and 40 adults, well equipped with 60 wagons and oxens and cattles, led by George and Jacob Donner

129
Q

who led the donner party

A

George and Jacob Donner

130
Q

was George or Jacob Donner experienced in leading the crew

A

no

131
Q

What town did the Donner party leave from when they started there travel west

A

Town of Independence

132
Q

The donner party decided to take a shortcut suggested on their trail guide, but what did they go through to where

A

Utah to Nevada

133
Q

How much food was left when the donner party reached sierra nevada

A

almost none

134
Q

What happened to the Donners in October 1846

A

trapped on a mountain in rockies, lack of food meant no energy to travel up mountain

135
Q

What happened to cattles and oxen in donner party in October 1846

A

many died from heavy snow

136
Q

What happened to the volunteers in donner party who wanted to fish/hunt for food

A

froze to death

137
Q

What did the donner memebers do to survive when they had no hope

A

they started roasting and cooking the dead members

138
Q

When they were found by a rescue team, how many donners were left from the amount they had when they left Independence

A

47 were left from 81 originally

139
Q

What was the Indian Removal act

A

moved 46,000 Indians from the east to the west of the mississipi river, promised that they would not be moved ever again, this was called Indian Territory

140
Q

when was the Indian removal act

A

1830

141
Q

who signed the Indian removal act in 1830

A

President Jackson

142
Q

What was the Indian Trade and Intercourse act

A

Defined Indian territory as west of missisipi river, made the Permanent Indian Frontier, kept whites and Indians sperate

143
Q

What was the border splitting whites and Indians in 1834 called

A

Permanent Indian Frontier

144
Q

When was the Indian Trade and Intercourse act

A

1834

145
Q

When did Texas become part of the USA

A

1845

146
Q

When did USA gain full control over Oregon

A

1846

147
Q

Who did USA share Oregon with before fully owning it

A

Britain

148
Q

When did USA win the war with Mexico

A

1848

149
Q

What did USA win in 1848

A

Mexico war, many west lands including California

150
Q

When was the Indian Appropriations act

A

1851

151
Q

What was the Indian Appropriations act

A

Provided money to build reservations for Indians, some had hunting grounds, often far from sacred lands and burial grounds

152
Q

What was the Sioux’s sacred area and why was it sacred

A

Black hills of Dakota, believed they originated there

153
Q

When was the Fort Laramie Treaty

A

17th October 1851

154
Q

What did the Indians have to do in the Fort Laramie Treaty

A

End fighting with tribes, Allow migrants to travel safely through lands, permit railroads to be built, Allow government to build roads and army posts, Pay if anyone from tribe broke treaty terms

155
Q

What did the US government agree to give the Indians in the Fort Laramie Treaty

A

Protect Indians from White Americans, Pay the tribes $50,000 annuity as long as they kept to the treaty terms

156
Q

Name a famous tribal leader

A

Crazy Horse

157
Q

What was the Kansas-Nebraska act

A

Formation of 2 new states being Kansas and Nebraska, created to start thousands of farms

158
Q

When was the Kansas-Nebraska act

A

1854

159
Q

Why were water shortages bad for living in Kansas or Nebraska

A

Water was scarce, Hard to keep clothing clean

160
Q

Why were water shortages bad for farming in Kansas or Nebraska

A

Failure of crops, Bankruptcy and starvation, No river/lakes to draw in water

161
Q

Why was weather bad for living in Kansas or Nebraska

A

Extreme climates and little rainfall, Hot summers and cold winter

162
Q

Why was weather bad for farming in Kansas or Nebraska

A

droughts in the summer so hard to plant

163
Q

Why was wood bad for living in Kansas or Nebraska

A

No wood for heating/cooking, only resource was wood to build a house, if no wood for home then buffalo dung used

164
Q

Why was wood bad for farming in Kansas or Nebraska

A

No wood to build fences to protect crops

165
Q

Why were crops bad for living in Kansas or Nebraska

A

no food

166
Q

Why were crops bad for farming in Kansas or Nebraska

A

if crops gained disease from weather they would cause a chain reaction causing others to die too

167
Q

Why was dirt and disease bad for living in Kansas or Nebraska

A

dirty roofs and flooring, Snakes and bugs found in houses, illness easily developed

168
Q

Why was dirt and disease bad for farming in Kansas or Nebraska

A

Grasshoppers could catch diseases and jumping onto plants makes plants catch illness too

169
Q

Why was tough land bad for living in Kansas or Nebraska

A

let to wild fires which could cause death

170
Q

Why was tough land bad for farming in Kansas or Nebraska

A

grass had dense/tangled roots so fire could catch onto plants

171
Q

Why were natural disasters bad for living in Kansas or Nebraska

A

dry grass causes wildfire causing possible death

172
Q

Why were natural disasters bad for farming in Kansas or Nebraska

A

wildfires cause plants and crops to burn and die

173
Q

Between what 2 decades was lawlessness very common

A

1840s - 1850s

174
Q

what was lawlessness

A

A time of chaos as nobody could enforce law

175
Q

Name 4 crimes during lawlessness

A

Alcohol - large consumption , Prostitution - large amount , Cards - gambling , Guns - many drunk males involved

176
Q

Why was there being different cultured people in America such a problem during lawlessness

A

no united community

177
Q

what would fort laramie lead to for the indians

A

reservations

178
Q

what did the fort laramie treaty allow for settlers

A

it opened up the plains for the whites to settle on

179
Q

how many mormons were in each group on average when the mormons travelled to salt lake

A

100 in each group with a leader

180
Q

who owned the land when the mormons moved to salt lake

A

church

181
Q

what was the perpetual emigrating fund

A

a fund created by the mormons to help give money to help mormons in the east travel to salt lake

American West - GCSE (3 decks)

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