Early Printing Flashcards
What is the earliest form of written communication?
marks on clay
The spread of knowledge across ancient civilization brought mass ____ and mass _____
education and communication
Printing with moveable types
typography
Printers ran the first ____ line
assembly
Typography was also the first handicraft that was ____
mechanized
Back then reading meant
reading aloud or listening
Prose was ___ rather than visual
oral
Printing’s first purpose is for ___
prayers and liturgical ceremonies
Printing transform the ____ and ____ structures from feudalism to _____ capitalism
political, economic, mercantile
Printed books led to the growth of ____ class of merchants and artisans
middle
Declarations of ___ rights and to governments based on ____ and ____
human, laws, constitution
By providing the means for spreading information to a broad segment of the population printing set the basis for
democracy
But along with it, ___ and ____ also followed
censorshp, dictatorship
Centuries before Gutenberg’s invention people in china were carving images or texts into blocks of ___ and ___
wood, clay
He also made use of a clay used for ____ or _____
crushing olives, smoothing clay
the ____ ____ was the superior printing system that used hard metal puches to make soft lead types and an ___ based ink
gutenberg press, oil
The availability of ___ mills enabled the printing of books
paper
Paper was used in ___ until Buddhist priests carried it to ___ and ___
China, Korea, Japan
Jean Montgolfier escaped from Damascus as a ____ and set up the first ___ ___ in Europe
slave, paper mill
The supply of ___ to make paper was far greater than the supply of ____ for parchment and vellum
rags, sheepskin
But paper is less ____ that parchment
durable
Three events in the modern age:
bubonic plague, ice age, fanaticisim and revolts
___ ____ church windows carried the only history most people knew
stained glass
_____ culture deeply affected the manner of composing and writing
manuscript
What marked the growth of the modern age?
literacy
the more ____, the more literacy
printing
the more___, the more printing
literacy
What are the main topics of the first published books:
religious, secular, entertainment, information
the demand for books increased as schools multiplied and ____ literacy rose
vernacular
the easier to read printed texts prompted ___ and ____ ____
silent and quicker reading
the invention of the ____ encouraged silent reading, privacy, and separation from other
chimney
a genuine middle class
merchant class
____ birth mattered less and ther ability to read and write mattered more
noble
Gutenbergs invention soon splintered knowledge into
specialties
Some scholars who already had access to learning denounced the printing as a
disrespectful vulgarization
Education was transformed from “learning by doing” to
learning by reading
in many homes the ___ and ____ were the only books to be found
bible, almanac
The _____ _____ was a religious movement that reformed the dominant roman catholic church
protestant reformation
______ was the first to use the printing press to attack the practices of the roman catholic church
Lutheranism
_____ was the first movement to exploit the potential of the printing press as a mass medium
Protestantism
it was also the first movement to use the new press for ____ against established institution
propaganda
Luther translated the ___ ____ into verman vernacular so ordinary people can understand
new testament
the ____ of 1543 during the reign of ___ VIII prohibited any unlincesed person to read or discuss in a public assembly any annotated Bible
act, henry
the ____ introduced the clasical literature of Greece and rome to a Western Eurpoe that had been largely unaware of the ancient books
Renaissance
Printers produced engraved ___ and ____ text at the height of global exploration
engraved, geography
The map encouraged ____ and furthern exploration and reassured ____
commerece, investors
most literate professions:
printers, surgeons, medicine dispensers
least literate professions:
construction trade, food occupation, gardeners, unskilled day workers
McLuhan identifeis the arrival of printing not only as a cause of ____ but also the ____ to government
nationalism, opposition
___ and ___ became boundaries of both inclusion and separation
grammar, spelling
since the invention of printing, communication media have been an element of all ___
wars
when ____ preached about salvation through study and see;f-knowledge, their books were burned by church authorities who demanded that only the bible could be the source of knowledge and only the church hierarchy were permitted to access it
Gnostics
The church was worried that the monks would be lost to ___
heresy
____ of Prohibited Books banned the printing of books that lacked the Church’s approval
Index
_____ a well known book burner, publicly burned books, art projects, and even cosmetics in the “bonfire of ____”
Savonarola, vanities
One of the few havens for printers and writers was ____
Holland
___ law prohibited the transportation or delivery of pornography
comstock
he began a one man anti porn crusade
Anthony Comstock
reading ___ was an indulgence leading to a moral decline
novels
____ franklin in his (name of publication) challenged the government and religious authority, for which he was jailed for 1 month had the publication suppressed
james, the new england courant
After benjamin franklin was released he helped set up a separate ____ service for the new nation
postal
Benjamin Franklin wanted to be the first American to publish a magazine but he was surpassed by a_____ B____
Andrew Bradford
Colonists read the idea that citizens have a social contract with their governments so they imposed ____ without ____
taxes without representation
The ____ act of 1765 required newspapers, magazines, and legal documents to be printed on paper from London that carried a revenue stamp
stamp act of 1765
Taxes on tea and molasses led to street demonstrations and organized violence such as the famed ____ ____ ___
Boston Tea Party
The best paper available came from english mills. when it shut off during the revolution, the colonial paper mills did their best with available ____ ____
cloth rags
Benjamin Franklin’s own son William, outspoken Tories
Loyalist
The rebels known as _____ did not hesitate to criticize and raid tory newspapers who are against revolutionary sentiment. They even forced them to stop publication
Patriots
John Milton published the Areopagitica, a plea for
freedom
____ and ____ act threatened two years of imprisonment and a fine for those who would print or publish any false,scandalous writing against the government or president
Alien and Sedition
The Sedition act was generally supported by the ____ and opposed by the Jeffersonian ___
Federalists, democrats
The ____ of cities in the United States saw weekly newspapers increase in ___
growth, circulation
__ formed to include unskilled workers and to express a willingness to strike
Unions
____ party built in oppsition to the _____-oriented whigs, found strong support among workers
Democrat, business
Sometimes money to start newspapers were handed out ___ to supporters of the party that gained power
selectively
the olderst existing book
the diamond sutra
_____ is a publication that devoted itself entirely to the abolition of slavery
The Liberator
____ made slaveholders uneasy when they reflected on the idea that slaves might acquire enough knowledge to be dangerous
literacy
A federal law forbade anyone except a free white man to carry the mail fearing an organized ___ ____
slave uprising
An international economic depression ____ of 1873 lasted six years
panic
political issues that filled newspaper pages
reform of the banks and money supply, interest rates, railroad regulation
_______ ____ a publication, envisioned a “new south” to build up ___ and integrate southern states into the union but his views were mainly of ______
Atlanta constitution, industry, white superiority
mass ____ with advertising in magazines, newspapers increased the demands leading to the mass _____ that supported the mass ____ of goods
marketing, consumption, production
Working class children were sent to school where they learned the 3Rs
Reading, wRiting, ‘Rithmetic
______ _____ brought up grueling labor for long hours, break up of families, machinery accident, job insecurity, spurts in food prices, lack of support for illness and old age
industrial revolution
new _____ added to the store of knowledge and culture so wealthy young Americans did not need to travel to europe to _____
universities, finish their education
The _____ ____ of 1862 signed by _____ ____ created _____ ____ to teach _____, _____, ____
Morril act, abraham lincoln, state colleges, agriculture, engineering, military tactics
The _____ ___ delivered as much paper in two days as hand labor did in three months
continuous roll
_____ ____, a single column layout bound by column roules
tombstone layout
_____, a noisy centerpiece of newspaper production
linotype
The first daily newspapers were published in ____
europe
most newspapers either promoted issues of a ____ ___ or ____
political party, commerce
some newspapers publishers required an annual _____
annual subscription
The ____ Magazine published especially for the ____ class, it developed American _____
penny, working, readership
The Sun, owned by ____ ___, who had no previous experience in journalism, reached out to large segment of population who had little interest in business or national politics but had a thirst for ___ ____ and ____ ____
Benjamin Day, gossip, sensation, local news
the ____ ___ satisfied the thirst for sensation
penny press
_____ ____ a business of funelling information to large numbers of people form a limited number of providers
penny press
News came to have a value as a ____ instead of merely supplying the basis for ____ _____
commidity, political partisanship
the penny press ___ were an integral part of the industrial revolution through which its readers were living for the manufacture of consumer goods required their purchase and that meant informing and convincing buyers
ads
the penny press did not really compete with the more expensive traditional commercial or political newspapers but rather competed for the ____ ____ coins against small businesses
working man
New York Tribune’s editor ____ ____ preferred political news and became a leader in the abolitionist struggle to end slavery
horace greeley
the ____ ___ ___ expressed moderate political views and thoughtful news reports
new york times
Before the penny press, newspapers employed few ____. News gathering had always been done by ____
reporters, editors
News reporters become regarded with a special ____ of ____
stamp of authenticity
The practice of ____ ____ by the reporters and news outlets followed
active investigation
In response, organizations learned ways to cope with an interviewere’s questions through ____ ____
public relations
Congress gave newspapers favored ____ ___, ____-free exchanges
mailing rates, postage-free
_____ replaced the slow sailing ships so they were delivering foreign news sooner
steamships
_____ ___ referred to the yellow coat a child cartoon character wore and identified newspapers that feature sensational crime and scandal
Yellow journalism
____ ____ Hearst, owner of New York Journal, once championed progressive reforms such as labor union rights but later would be marked by reactionary views such as isolationism and opposition to the United Nations
William Randolph Hearst
___ and ___ was engaged in a circulation war
Hearst and Pulitzer
What distinguished pulitzer was the ___ and ___. beyond providing dry information, his reporters told ___
narrative and color, stories
Elizabeth Cochrane’s pseudonym. She crusaded for liberal causes, taxing large incomes and against business monopolies
Nellie Bly
Pulitzer reached ____ communities
immigrant
Elizabeth’s first hand accounts in an insane asylum urged the city to___
allocate money for it’s hospitals and brutal nurses were transferred
_____ ____ is a belief held by Americans that their nation was divinely favored to dominate and spread influence across the continent
manifest destiny
Chicago Tribune a bastion of _____ journalism
conservative
President ______ ____ called investigative journalists _____ as an insult
theodore roosevelt, muchrakers
Offended and shamed at first, the reporters in time would consider it a ___ of ____
badge of honor
The _____ exposed filthy conditions in the meat-packing industry
The jungle
an expose of patent medicines that were made up of either useless or harmful ingredients led to the ____ ____ and ____ act
Pure food and drug act
____ ___ began as a news gathering cooperative of New york newspaper where members agreed to exchange news and share costs
associated press
____ ___ (UP) and ____ ____ ___ (INS) competed with AP
United Press, International News Service
____ got a foothold when they were the first to report in Europe about the assassination of Abraham Lincoln
Reuters
News kinds of mediated communication (movies, broadcasting) were popular in the ___ ___
Jazz Age
_______, a publicist, argues that industry is best served by a policy of ____ and _____ bot vy trying to hide news of damaging event
Ivy Lee, openness and frankness
the line between ____ and ____ was frequently crossed in the never-ending quest for more readership
information and entertainment
Since most news has been historically transmitted ___ to ____, newspaper had to compete with each other. ____ for premium access was the answer
mouth to ear, paywalls
The mainstream press was not able to cover all events so an ____ press provided the readers with it
alternative
____ ____ gave voice to african americans terrorized into silence by lynchings
Ida B. Wells
___ ____ newspapers served the large immigrant communities
foreign-language
____ ____ wrote the first modern newspaper editorial, He is considered as the founder of English ____ and founder of modern ___. He was also a spy for an English ____ ministry
Daniel Defoe, novel, journalism
Without ____ or the ___ considerations given to newspaper, magazine survival was difficult
advertisements, postal
____ magazines and those aimed at working class were examples of the ___ that specialized magazines brought to a community
religious, fragmentation
____ ____ magazines, reached out to members of the family with latest trends, fiction, pictures, and exposes
popular taste
_____ enabled magazines to charge cheaper for the production compared to wood engravings
photoengraving
newspapers address a _____ community, magazines connect ____ ____
geographic, shared interest
in the history of magazines, targetting a ____ ____ succeeds better than trying to reach the most diverse audience
specific readership
The books were namend pulp piction because of the use of
wood pulp
The English ____ set standards for literature because of written topics of middle class issues
novel
These novels influence ____ and set ____ of conduct
behavior, standards
2 guilds/clubs which became a new way to sell books to middle class readers
book of the month, the literary guild
_______ ___________ _____, fitting into a worker’s shirt pocket, the booklets aimed at getting literature to a wide audience
little blue books
____ are published on personal subjects ans the publishers own interest. the motive is ___-____, not profit
zines, self-expression
____ ___ received a patent for a writing machine but did not construct one
Henry mill
__ ___ designed a workable machine that sent keys moving up to a print point
Christopher Sholes
___ ___ ___ made electric typewriters
IBM
Mass advertising began during the ____ ____
Industrial revolution
the ____ ___ is the vehicle for advertising of factory goods
national magazine
____ humanized the products that were advertised
Radio
The ____ ____ prohibited obtaining information, recording pictures, or copying descriptions of any information relating to the national defense with intent or reason to believe that the information may be used for the injury of the United States
Espionage act
tabloid-style newspaper
penny press
Marthin Luthers writing which sparked religious reform
95 theses
newspaper that aided the political revolution in the philippines
la solidaridad
chinese monk who first invented moveable types
bi sheng
created his own set of moveable characters
Wang Chen
first mass prodcued booklet from china used for farmin g practices and treatise
Nung Shu
inexpensive, easy to read novels
dime novels
inventor of rotary press
richard hoe
book on catholicism, the first printed book in the philippines
doctrina christiana
first news paper in the philippines
del superior govierno
