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10th Grade > Early Modern World History Key Terms > Flashcards

Early Modern World History Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

95 Theses

A

Martin Luther’s criticisms and questions of the Church which he posted on the Church door at Wittenburg –> started the Reformation

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2
Q

Africa

A

The second largest continent, has the Sahara and Ghana

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3
Q

Age of Exploration

A

Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans

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4
Q

Anabaptism

A

One of the denominations of Christianity, didn’t baptize children, nobody goes to heaven, sin is everywhere in the nonspiritual world, lived in small villages

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5
Q

Andreus Vesalius

A

Scientist most noted for his study of human anatomy, did autopsies

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6
Q

Anglican Church

A

The Church made by King Henry VIII, separate from the RCC, but very like it

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7
Q

Anglo-Saxon

A

The entire English race wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India. The name of the group when two dominant tribes in Angland merged

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8
Q

Anne Boleyn

A

Henry VIII’s second spouse/wife, during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England

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9
Q

Anne of Cleves

A

The 4th wife of Henry Vlll, was divorced later on

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10
Q

Archbishop

A

3rd in the Church Hierarchy, under cardinals and the pope

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11
Q

Arians

A

claimed that Jesus was less than divine

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12
Q

Asia

A

the largest continent, contains countries like China, Japan, Korea

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13
Q

Atlantic Ocean

A

large body of water between Europe and North America, Colombus sailed across it

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14
Q

Babylonian Captivity

A

The Pope moved the Church to France, all popes were French and resided in France, starting with Clement V, angering Italians

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15
Q

Battle of Tours

A

European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe, saved Christianity

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16
Q

Bayeux Tapestry

A

a tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings

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17
Q

Bishop

A

in the church hierarchy, above priests but below pope, cardinals, arch bishops

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18
Q

Black Death

A

A deadly plague that swept through Europe

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19
Q

Bloody Mary

A

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England

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20
Q

Boniface

A

the name of multiple popes, some of whom committed horrible atrocities
-one had a fight with King Philip

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21
Q

Capetians

A

one of the French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy, leader was Hugh Capet

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22
Q

Cardinal

A

2nd in the church heirarchy, under the pope

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23
Q

Carolingian Dynasty

A

a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne’s father that ruled from 751 to 987

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24
Q

Catherine of Aragon

A

First wife of Henry VIII, mother of bloody mary

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25
Q

Catherine Howard

A

King Henry VIII’s 5th wife, she was beheaded

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26
Q

Catherine Parr

A

King Henry VIII’s 6th wife, the last wife that survived

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27
Q

Catholic Church

A

Branch of Christianity that claimed ultimate power, had authorities like the pope

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28
Q

Charlemagne

A

crowned by the pope as the “emperor of the romans” and spread lots of catholicism, creates huge empire

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29
Q

Charles I

A

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated

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30
Q

Charles II

A

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

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31
Q

Charles Martel

A

A Frankish leader who rallied warriors to push Muslims out of France

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32
Q

China

A

Where the Mongols and Mings were located, had the Silk Road, in Asia

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33
Q

Christianity

A

a religion which uses the Bible and worships Jesus

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34
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India

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35
Q

Church of England

A

Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife

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36
Q

Classical Era

A

An ancient era in Rome and Greece when people achieved new heights in art, architecture and philosophy

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37
Q

Clovis

A

5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity

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38
Q

Commonwealth

A

A self-governing territory associated with another country, Oliver Cromwell started it

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39
Q

Constantine

A

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians

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40
Q

Constantinople

A

once was the capital of the roman empire. A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

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41
Q

Council of Clermont

A

meeting held by pope urban before the crusades to talk about defending christianity

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42
Q

Council of Nicaea

A

a meeting with Constantine, solved the problem of christ being a divine being

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43
Q

Council of Trent

A

Held by the RCC in reply to the Protestant Reformation, many changes and reformations were made at the meeting

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44
Q

Crusades

A

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

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45
Q

Denominations

A

(sect), religious groups. ex.the different branches of Christianity like the catholic and protestants

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46
Q

Diet of Worms

A

Trial where Martin Luther was charged with heresy

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47
Q

Diocletian

A

Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.

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48
Q

Divine Right of Kings

A

What King James believed in, that god picks kings and kings should have all power, supports absolutism

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49
Q

Eastern Roman Empire

A

also known as the Byzantine empire, capital is Constantinople

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50
Q

Edward VI

A

King Henry VIII’s only son, son of Jane Seymour and became king at 9 years old

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51
Q

England

A

important country in Europe which had a strong monarchy, great empire

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52
Q

English Civil War

A

a battle within one country started by Charles I, between parliament and monarchy

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53
Q

Erasmus

A

Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe

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54
Q

Estates General

A

An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.

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55
Q

Europe

A

a continent which contains many countries like France, England, HRE

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56
Q

Feudalism

A

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

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57
Q

Fief

A

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service

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58
Q

Florence

A

town in Italy, center of the Italian Renaissance

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59
Q

France

A

Country in Europe, started with Franks

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60
Q

Franks

A

The germanic tribe that took over France

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61
Q

Frederick Barbarossa

A

a holy roman emporer, went on the 3rd crusade but drowned

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62
Q

Galileo

A

scientist during the scientific revolution, proved the heliocentric theory, saw sun spots, saw jupiters moons, made an advanced telescope

63
Q

Gothic

A

a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires

64
Q

Great Schism

A

there were 3 popes at the same time

65
Q

Henry VII

A

Married to Elizabeth of York, father of Arthur

66
Q

Henry VIII

A

had 6 wives, started the church of england

67
Q

Heretic

A

someone who goes against accepted religious beliefs

68
Q

High Middle Ages

A

the period from 1000 to 1300 in which the church had a key role shaping the new world

69
Q

Holy Land

A

the land that surrounded Jerusalem, where Jesus lived and taught

70
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

had a very large land mass in Europe, Charlemagne ruled over it

71
Q

Hugh Capet

A

King of France, founded the Capetian dynasty

72
Q

Humanism

A

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

73
Q

Hundred Years’ War

A

battles between England and France during the Late Middle Ages, Joan of Arc was in it

74
Q

India

A

country in asia, has the Taj Mahal

75
Q

Indulgences

A

certificates that help someone go into heaven

76
Q

Innocent III

A

a pope, was in the 4th crusade, one of the most powerful popes in history

77
Q

Islam

A

the religion of muslims, founded by Muhammad

78
Q

Isaac Newton

A

founded the laws of motion, defined gravity, invented calculus

79
Q

James I

A

King of England and united the crowns of England and Scotland, believed in the divine right of kings, rules with absolutism

80
Q

James II

A

English King, was Catholic, but married an Anglican wife

81
Q

Jamestown

A

a town located in Virginia, colony that founded it was sent out by an English king

82
Q

Jan Hus

A

a Church reformer, went to court for ideas not aligned with the church and was then burned

83
Q

Jane Seymour

A

3rd wife of Henry VIII, mother of Edward, died

84
Q

Japan

A

country in Asia, had many clans and sent people to go study China

85
Q

Jerusalem

A

City surrounded by the holy lands, fought for by Christians and muslims

86
Q

Joan of Arc

A

girl who gave hope during the Hundred Years War

87
Q

Johannes Gutenberg

A

inventer of the printing press

88
Q

John Calvin

A

important person during the Protestant Reformation, started calvinism

89
Q

John Wycliffe

A

Church reformer, helped translate the bible because he believed the bible is chrisitan truth, the church persecuted him

90
Q

King John

A

King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.

91
Q

King John

A

Forced to sign the Magna Carta

92
Q

Knights

A

the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord

93
Q

Korea

A

country in Asia, Qing empire

94
Q

Lady Jane Grey

A

the “9 days queen”, was an english queen

95
Q

Late Middle Ages

A

1300-1500, period before the renaissance

96
Q

Leonardo Da Vinci

A

painter of the mona lisa

97
Q

Long Parliament

A

Parliament that had a 20 year session,

98
Q

Lord

A

In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals

99
Q

Lord Protector

A

Title given to Oliver Cromwell when he was leading battles against parliament

100
Q

Low Middle Ages

A

era 400s-1000, lots of feudalism,

101
Q

Machiavelli

A

writer during the Renaissance, wrote “the prince”

102
Q

Magna Carta

A

what king John had to sign in 1215

103
Q

Martin Luther

A

Started the protestant reformation

104
Q

Mary, QUeen of Scots

A

beheaded by Queen Elizabeth after she tried to plot to assassinate elizabeth

105
Q

Medici family

A

sponsored many artists, had many portraits drawn of them, ruled florence, wealthy from banking

106
Q

Michelangelo

A

famous sculptor and painter

107
Q

Middle Ages

A

time period before the renaisance

108
Q

Mona Lisa

A

Leonardo da Vinci’s most famous portrait of a woman

109
Q

William and Mary

A

the two joint rulers of England, in the glorious revolution

110
Q

Glorius Revolution

A

peaceful transfer of power from james to Will and Mary

111
Q

Tories

A

Conservative party wanting to give james the crown, opposite of the whigs

112
Q

Whigs

A

liberal party wanting the right to deny the grown to james, opposite of tories

113
Q

Cabinet

A

a group of advisors to the leader

114
Q

Prime Minister

A

the head of an elected government, england has one right now

115
Q

Nicolas Copernicus

A

founder of the heliocentric theory, started the scientific revolution

116
Q

Norman Dynasty

A

the direct descendants of William the Conqueror

117
Q

Normandy

A

A region in northwestern France on the English channel

118
Q

Oliver Cromwell

A

The the Parliament side of the English Civil War

119
Q

Parliament

A

A body of representatives that makes lawas for a nations

120
Q

Peasant

A

a member of a class of persons who are small farmers or farm laborers of low social rank

121
Q

Petition of Right

A

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

122
Q

Petrarch

A

a very important humanist and poet in the Renaissance

123
Q

Philip II of France

A

he was the Capetian king who increased the territory of France, and wanted to form a stronger central government. He was the most powerful of the Capetian Kings and was willing to do anything to get what he wanted.

124
Q

Philip II of Spain

A

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.

125
Q

Philip IV of France

A
126
Q

Popenapping

A

the kidnapping of Pope Boniface VIII by Philip IV of France

127
Q

Predestination

A

whoever gets salvation is already decided

128
Q

Plantagenet Dynasty

A

also called the Angevins, dynasty that Richard the Lionheart was in

129
Q

Lutheran

A

religion created by Martin Luther

130
Q

Primogeniture

A

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son

131
Q

Printing Press

A

invented by Johannes Gutenberg

132
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches., a big movement started by Martin Luther

133
Q

Puritan

A

a religious group that wanted to purify the church of england

134
Q

Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

Queen of France, wife of King Louis

135
Q

Queen Elizabeth

A

Child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, also names the virgin queen

136
Q

Queen Isabella

A
137
Q

Reconquista

A

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

138
Q

Restoration

A

the period of Charles II’s rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell’s government

139
Q

Richard the Lionheart

A

An English king who lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin in the 3rd crusade

140
Q

Roman Empire

A

Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.

141
Q

Saladin

A

present in the 3rd crusade , reached a truce with Richard the lionheart

142
Q

Scholasticism

A

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century

143
Q

Serfs

A

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

144
Q

Sistine Chapel

A

A Catholic church in Vatican City, Italy. Its ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo.

145
Q

Spanish Armada

A

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

146
Q

Stuart Dynasty

A

Had queen victoria, will and mary, elizabeth and present monarchs

147
Q

The Prince

A

written by machiavelli

148
Q

Thirty Year’s war

A

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg’s, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

149
Q

Thomas Aquinas

A

Scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning

150
Q

Thomas Becket

A

Archbishop of Canterbury who refused to allow king to try clergy in royal courts; murdered by knights believed they were working on behalf of the king; proclaimed a saint

151
Q

Tudor Dynasty

A

Had henry the 8th, mary, elizabeth

152
Q

Unam Sanctam

A

Papal Bull issued in 1302 asserting papal supremacy over temporal rulers

153
Q

Utopia

A

an ideal society

154
Q

Vassal

A

A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land

10th Grade (2 decks)

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