Early Modern World History Key Terms Flashcards
1
Q
95 Theses
A
Martin Luther’s criticisms and questions of the Church which he posted on the Church door at Wittenburg –> started the Reformation
2
Q
Africa
A
The second largest continent, has the Sahara and Ghana
3
Q
Age of Exploration
A
Time period during the 15th and 16th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans
4
Q
Anabaptism
A
One of the denominations of Christianity, didn’t baptize children, nobody goes to heaven, sin is everywhere in the nonspiritual world, lived in small villages
5
Q
Andreus Vesalius
A
Scientist most noted for his study of human anatomy, did autopsies
6
Q
Anglican Church
A
The Church made by King Henry VIII, separate from the RCC, but very like it
7
Q
Anglo-Saxon
A
The entire English race wherever found, as in Europe, the United States, or India. The name of the group when two dominant tribes in Angland merged
8
Q
Anne Boleyn
A
Henry VIII’s second spouse/wife, during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England
9
Q
Anne of Cleves
A
The 4th wife of Henry Vlll, was divorced later on
10
Q
Archbishop
A
3rd in the Church Hierarchy, under cardinals and the pope
11
Q
Arians
A
claimed that Jesus was less than divine
12
Q
Asia
A
the largest continent, contains countries like China, Japan, Korea
13
Q
Atlantic Ocean
A
large body of water between Europe and North America, Colombus sailed across it
14
Q
Babylonian Captivity
A
The Pope moved the Church to France, all popes were French and resided in France, starting with Clement V, angering Italians
15
Q
Battle of Tours
A
European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe, saved Christianity
16
Q
Bayeux Tapestry
A
a tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings
17
Q
Bishop
A
in the church hierarchy, above priests but below pope, cardinals, arch bishops
18
Q
Black Death
A
A deadly plague that swept through Europe
19
Q
Bloody Mary
A
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England
20
Q
Boniface
A
the name of multiple popes, some of whom committed horrible atrocities
-one had a fight with King Philip
21
Q
Capetians
A
one of the French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy, leader was Hugh Capet
22
Q
Cardinal
A
2nd in the church heirarchy, under the pope
23
Q
Carolingian Dynasty
A
a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne’s father that ruled from 751 to 987
24
Q
Catherine of Aragon
A
First wife of Henry VIII, mother of bloody mary
25
Catherine Howard
King Henry VIII's 5th wife, she was beheaded
26
Catherine Parr
King Henry VIII's 6th wife, the last wife that survived
27
Catholic Church
Branch of Christianity that claimed ultimate power, had authorities like the pope
28
Charlemagne
crowned by the pope as the "emperor of the romans" and spread lots of catholicism, creates huge empire
29
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated
30
Charles II
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism
31
Charles Martel
A Frankish leader who rallied warriors to push Muslims out of France
32
China
Where the Mongols and Mings were located, had the Silk Road, in Asia
33
Christianity
a religion which uses the Bible and worships Jesus
34
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India
35
Church of England
Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife
36
Classical Era
An ancient era in Rome and Greece when people achieved new heights in art, architecture and philosophy
37
Clovis
5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity
38
Commonwealth
A self-governing territory associated with another country, Oliver Cromwell started it
39
Constantine
Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians
40
Constantinople
once was the capital of the roman empire. A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul
41
Council of Clermont
meeting held by pope urban before the crusades to talk about defending christianity
42
Council of Nicaea
a meeting with Constantine, solved the problem of christ being a divine being
43
Council of Trent
Held by the RCC in reply to the Protestant Reformation, many changes and reformations were made at the meeting
44
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
45
Denominations
(sect), religious groups. ex.the different branches of Christianity like the catholic and protestants
46
Diet of Worms
Trial where Martin Luther was charged with heresy
47
Diocletian
Roman emperor who divided the empire into a West and an East section.
48
Divine Right of Kings
What King James believed in, that god picks kings and kings should have all power, supports absolutism
49
Eastern Roman Empire
also known as the Byzantine empire, capital is Constantinople
50
Edward VI
King Henry VIII's only son, son of Jane Seymour and became king at 9 years old
51
England
important country in Europe which had a strong monarchy, great empire
52
English Civil War
a battle within one country started by Charles I, between parliament and monarchy
53
Erasmus
Dutch humanist and theologian who was the leading Renaissance scholar of northern Europe
54
Estates General
An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates, or social classes, in France.
55
Europe
a continent which contains many countries like France, England, HRE
56
Feudalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land
57
Fief
land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service
58
Florence
town in Italy, center of the Italian Renaissance
59
France
Country in Europe, started with Franks
60
Franks
The germanic tribe that took over France
61
Frederick Barbarossa
a holy roman emporer, went on the 3rd crusade but drowned
62
Galileo
scientist during the scientific revolution, proved the heliocentric theory, saw sun spots, saw jupiters moons, made an advanced telescope
63
Gothic
a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires
64
Great Schism
there were 3 popes at the same time
65
Henry VII
Married to Elizabeth of York, father of Arthur
66
Henry VIII
had 6 wives, started the church of england
67
Heretic
someone who goes against accepted religious beliefs
68
High Middle Ages
the period from 1000 to 1300 in which the church had a key role shaping the new world
69
Holy Land
the land that surrounded Jerusalem, where Jesus lived and taught
70
Holy Roman Empire
had a very large land mass in Europe, Charlemagne ruled over it
71
Hugh Capet
King of France, founded the Capetian dynasty
72
Humanism
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
73
Hundred Years' War
battles between England and France during the Late Middle Ages, Joan of Arc was in it
74
India
country in asia, has the Taj Mahal
75
Indulgences
certificates that help someone go into heaven
76
Innocent III
a pope, was in the 4th crusade, one of the most powerful popes in history
77
Islam
the religion of muslims, founded by Muhammad
78
Isaac Newton
founded the laws of motion, defined gravity, invented calculus
79
James I
King of England and united the crowns of England and Scotland, believed in the divine right of kings, rules with absolutism
80
James II
English King, was Catholic, but married an Anglican wife
81
Jamestown
a town located in Virginia, colony that founded it was sent out by an English king
82
Jan Hus
a Church reformer, went to court for ideas not aligned with the church and was then burned
83
Jane Seymour
3rd wife of Henry VIII, mother of Edward, died
84
Japan
country in Asia, had many clans and sent people to go study China
85
Jerusalem
City surrounded by the holy lands, fought for by Christians and muslims
86
Joan of Arc
girl who gave hope during the Hundred Years War
87
Johannes Gutenberg
inventer of the printing press
88
John Calvin
important person during the Protestant Reformation, started calvinism
89
John Wycliffe
Church reformer, helped translate the bible because he believed the bible is chrisitan truth, the church persecuted him
90
King John
King of England who raised taxes and punished his enemies without a trial. He is best known for being forced to sign the Magna Carta.
91
King John
Forced to sign the Magna Carta
92
Knights
the Middle Ages, lesser noble who served as a mounted warrior for a lord
93
Korea
country in Asia, Qing empire
94
Lady Jane Grey
the "9 days queen", was an english queen
95
Late Middle Ages
1300-1500, period before the renaissance
96
Leonardo Da Vinci
painter of the mona lisa
97
Long Parliament
Parliament that had a 20 year session,
98
Lord
In feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals
99
Lord Protector
Title given to Oliver Cromwell when he was leading battles against parliament
100
Low Middle Ages
era 400s-1000, lots of feudalism,
101
Machiavelli
writer during the Renaissance, wrote "the prince"
102
Magna Carta
what king John had to sign in 1215
103
Martin Luther
Started the protestant reformation
104
Mary, QUeen of Scots
beheaded by Queen Elizabeth after she tried to plot to assassinate elizabeth
105
Medici family
sponsored many artists, had many portraits drawn of them, ruled florence, wealthy from banking
106
Michelangelo
famous sculptor and painter
107
Middle Ages
time period before the renaisance
108
Mona Lisa
Leonardo da Vinci's most famous portrait of a woman
109
William and Mary
the two joint rulers of England, in the glorious revolution
110
Glorius Revolution
peaceful transfer of power from james to Will and Mary
111
Tories
Conservative party wanting to give james the crown, opposite of the whigs
112
Whigs
liberal party wanting the right to deny the grown to james, opposite of tories
113
Cabinet
a group of advisors to the leader
114
Prime Minister
the head of an elected government, england has one right now
115
Nicolas Copernicus
founder of the heliocentric theory, started the scientific revolution
116
Norman Dynasty
the direct descendants of William the Conqueror
117
Normandy
A region in northwestern France on the English channel
118
Oliver Cromwell
The the Parliament side of the English Civil War
119
Parliament
A body of representatives that makes lawas for a nations
120
Peasant
a member of a class of persons who are small farmers or farm laborers of low social rank
121
Petition of Right
Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land
122
Petrarch
a very important humanist and poet in the Renaissance
123
Philip II of France
he was the Capetian king who increased the territory of France, and wanted to form a stronger central government. He was the most powerful of the Capetian Kings and was willing to do anything to get what he wanted.
124
Philip II of Spain
The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.
125
Philip IV of France
126
Popenapping
the kidnapping of Pope Boniface VIII by Philip IV of France
127
Predestination
whoever gets salvation is already decided
128
Plantagenet Dynasty
also called the Angevins, dynasty that Richard the Lionheart was in
129
Lutheran
religion created by Martin Luther
130
Primogeniture
right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son
131
Printing Press
invented by Johannes Gutenberg
132
Protestant Reformation
an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches., a big movement started by Martin Luther
133
Puritan
a religious group that wanted to purify the church of england
134
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Queen of France, wife of King Louis
135
Queen Elizabeth
Child of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, also names the virgin queen
136
Queen Isabella
137
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.
138
Restoration
the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government
139
Richard the Lionheart
An English king who lead the Crusaders in an attempt to regain the Holy Land from Saladin in the 3rd crusade
140
Roman Empire
Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.
141
Saladin
present in the 3rd crusade , reached a truce with Richard the lionheart
142
Scholasticism
A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century
143
Serfs
A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times
144
Sistine Chapel
A Catholic church in Vatican City, Italy. Its ceiling was painted by the Renaissance artist Michelangelo.
145
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.
146
Stuart Dynasty
Had queen victoria, will and mary, elizabeth and present monarchs
147
The Prince
written by machiavelli
148
Thirty Year's war
Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
149
Thomas Aquinas
Scholar who argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by sound reasoning
150
Thomas Becket
Archbishop of Canterbury who refused to allow king to try clergy in royal courts; murdered by knights believed they were working on behalf of the king; proclaimed a saint
151
Tudor Dynasty
Had henry the 8th, mary, elizabeth
152
Unam Sanctam
Papal Bull issued in 1302 asserting papal supremacy over temporal rulers
153
Utopia
an ideal society
154
Vassal
A knight who promised to support a lord in exchange for land
